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Yessentuki, Russia

Essentuki is a city in the Stavropol Territory. The city forms the urban district of the resort city of Essentuki. The city is located in the southern part of the Stavropol Territory, in the valley of the Podkumok River, at the confluence of the Bugunta River. It is located 17 km west of Pyatigorsk and 200 km south-east of Stavropol. Average heights in the city are about 600-650 m above sea level.

Climate

The climate is continental, mountain-steppe. The average July temperature is + 20.4 ° C, the maximum temperature reaches + 37 ° C. Winter is not cold, there are often thaws with positive temperatures, but there can be frosts down to -33 ° C. The average January temperature is -4.2 ° C. Fog days are often observed (in November and December for 13-14 days). Autumn is long and warm, with cool nights. The first frosts are observed in mid-October. Spring is very short, the temperature rises rapidly in April, the last night frosts are usually observed in mid-April. Summers are warm, with many hot and dry days. The average annual rainfall is 536 mm.

Etymology

Research by the Soviet archaeologist M.E. Masson and excavations of eight burial mausoleums showed that near the present-day Essentuki in the 13th-15th centuries there was a large Golden Horde settlement. The orientalist believed that the name Essentuki came from the own name of the owner of the area, Khan Essentug: "es-sen" - fat, healthy, "tug" - sign, bunchuk. The names "Yesan Forest", "Yesan Field" that have survived to this day also speak of this. A well-preserved skeleton of a Mongol was found in one of the 14th century burial mausoleums on the hill of the left bank of the Bolshoi Essentuchek River, and, according to archaeologists, this is the burial of one of the descendants of Genghis Khan. According to legend, Esen, Genghis Khan's nephew, was buried here. By the 19th century, only ruins remained from the mausoleum, near which a Cossack redoubt was built in 1798, since the surroundings were clearly visible from this place. Later the redoubt was closed as unnecessary, and when the Cossack village was founded in 1825, it was named after the former redoubt and the river on which it stood. According to another version, the name Essentuki comes from the Mongolian "essen tug", that is, nine banners (bunchuk). During the Mongol invasion, the headquarters of Genghis Khan, designated by nine bunchuks, could presumably be located here.

According to another widespread version, the name of the rivers and areas of Essentuki, from which the name of the city originated, possibly goes back to the Circassian - "Essen tyku", where Essen - "get used to" and tyku - "refuge, tract", that is, "a familiar corner" or " a habitual haven. "

History

The day of foundation of the resort town of Essentuki is celebrated on August 27.

On the right (according to another version, on the left) bank of the Essentuk river in 1798, during a visit to the narzan springs by the commander of the Azov-Mozdok line, General I.I.Morkov, a military redoubt was built to protect the southern borders of Russia. 28 years later, in 1825, at the initiative of General A.P. Ermolov, 235 Volga Cossack families were resettled to this area, who founded a village on the Bugunta River. From this settlement, which began to be called the village of Essentuki, the history of Essentuki began.

Essentuki was recognized as a resort much later than Pyatigorsk and Zheleznovodsk. The mineral springs discovered in 1811 by F.P. Haas did not interest the doctors and visitors of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The Essentuki resort had to wait 13 years until the unique waters were finally recognized as curative.

In 1823, the waters from the Essentuki springs were studied and described in detail by the professor of the Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy Alexander Nelyubin. Nelyubin discovered 20 more springs, numbered them and classified them as hydro-alkaline and sulfur-alkaline. The hill from which the springs flowed was called Alkaline. In 1839, the Cossacks built the first wooden bathhouse, for which the water was heated with a large wooden samovar. In 1846, the management of the mineral waters was transferred to the governor of the Caucasus, Prince M.S.Vorontsov. From that time on, the "Buguntinskie" sources used to be called "Essentuki". On May 29, 1847, the Directorate of the Caucasian Mineral Waters began to manage the resorts.

Already in 1847 Vorontsov approved the project of the gallery with a source of mineral water Essentuki No. 17. The gallery was a building in the English style, using Byzantine and Moorish elements of architecture. The author of the project was the architect S.I.Upton. On September 8, 1852, an earthquake struck the region, which severely damaged the gallery. Its opening took place only four years later, in 1856. At the same time, the fight against swamps begins, the fumes of which interfered with the treatment and in some cases even led to death; they were finally eliminated by 1872.

The first hotel for vacationers in Essentuki was built in 1863. The hotel was small, only 4 rooms. This hotel was built near the Park Gate. Soon the first urban-type houses appeared near the park. In 1875, in the east of the park, a large, 64-room, comfortable hotel "Kompaneiskaya" was built. After the construction of the railway line (1894), the flow of tourists to Essentuki increased sharply. By the beginning of the 20th century, the popularity of the resort reached enormous proportions. He confidently came out on top in terms of attendance.

Gradually, evidence began to appear about the favorable climate of Kislovodsk, which attracted the attention of the famous climatologist A.I. Voeikov. He believed that "the transparency of the air and a large number of warm sunny days" made Kislovodsk more suitable for "climatic treatment" of patients than, for example, Gagra, Sukhum or Batumi.

In 1896 the Panteleimon Church was consecrated at the resort (destroyed in 1935).

On March 30, 1898, the Imperial Decree was issued to the Minister of Agriculture and State Property, according to which more than 128 fathoms of land were withdrawn from the possessions of the Tersk Cossack army, adjacent to the Kurortny Park in the direction of the railway and beyond. On a part of these lands (behind the railroad) a new English park was laid out (at present, Victory Park), and on the other, southern part, a new resort village arose, built up with private hotels, sanatoriums, hospitals, dachas. The initiator of this expansion of the resort was the doctor M.S.Zernov, and the chief of the Caucasus, G. S. Golitsyn, petitioned for him.

Essentuki resort expanded. In 1902, the first public health resort on the Caucasian Mineral Waters was opened here. By 1917, a cozy summer cottage settlement was built in the current resort area, where each building was a small architectural masterpiece.

Before the revolution of 1917, the main network of the city's main streets was formed: Glavnaya Kursovaya (Internatsionalnaya), Verkhne-Kursovaya (Sovetskaya), Kislovodskaya, Borisovskaya (Krasnoarmeiskaya) in the village, as well as five streets along the railway and six perpendicular in the resort town.

Since 1921, the Essentuki City Council existed, but the status of the city of Essentuki was officially received on December 18, 1925 by the decision of the Small Presidium of the North Caucasian Regional Executive Committee. The resort area and the adjacent part of the village of Essentukskaya were included in the city limits.

The real resort history of Essentuki began in 1925. Then all large buildings were transformed into sanatoriums. Along with this, new health resorts were built in the city. Landscaping and improvement of the city was constantly carried out.

In 1938, the flying club from Pyatigorsk was transferred to the outskirts of Essentuki. In the same year, 12 thousand Greeks from Georgia were resettled to the city and the village of Essentukskaya, which was the beginning of the formation of the Telman village and the Kirpichny microdistrict.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Essentuki turned into a hospital base. On August 9, 1942, Soviet military units left the city, on August 11, German troops entered Essentuki. The occupation of the city lasted five months. On January 11, 1943, Essentuki was liberated from the German fascist invaders. As a result of the war in Yessentuki, a railway station, a hydroelectric power station "White Coal", a city water supply system, an oil depot, three sanatoriums and a number of other facilities were destroyed.

In 1954, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR included the left-bank part of the village of Essentukskaya in the city limits.

In 1963, an artificial lake up to 6 meters deep appeared in the city.

On June 5, 1964, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR decided "To restrict the residence of citizens in the resort towns of Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk, Zheleznovodsk, Yessentuki, Mineralnye Vody and adjacent settlements of the Stavropol Territory."

On January 1, 1983, the White Coal Village Council was subordinate to the Essentuki City Council, which included the settlements of White Coal (center) and Kirpichny.

In 1992, work began on the restoration of the Panteleimon Church.

On January 11, 1995, the Head of the Administration of the Stavropol Territory decided "To abolish the White Coal Village Council (with the villages of Bely Ugol and Kirpichny subordinate to his administration) of the Essentuki City Council, including it in the Essentuki city line as the White Coal microdistrict."

On June 21, 2002, the city was significantly affected by the devastating flood on the Podkumok and Bugunta rivers.

On December 5, 2003, a terrorist attack took place in the second car of the Kislovodsk-Mineralnye Vody suburban electric train at 7:42 Moscow time (Moscow time) at the entrance to the railway station of Essentuki station. The explosion killed 36 people and injured 155.

Essentuki district
In 1924, the Essentuki region was formed (with the administrative center in the city of Essentuki), as part of the Tersk district of the North Caucasian region. As part of the district, at first, the village councils were formed: Essentuki, Borgustan, Novoblagodarnensky and the city of Essentuki. Later, the area included the villages of Suvorovskaya, Bekeshevskaya and a number of other settlements.

According to the 1926 All-Union census, there were 34,768 people in the Essentuki region, with a population density of 41.3 people per square kilometer.

In January 1929, the Kislovodsky rural area with two village councils (Kislovodsky and Budennovsky) joined the district. At the same time, a part of the Goryachevodsky district with five village councils (Svobodnensky, Yutsky, Etoksky, Novo-Pyatigorsky and Goryachevodsky) was transferred to the Essentuki. On August 15, 1930, in connection with the liquidation of the districts, the Kislovodsky and Budyonnovsky village councils were separated and transferred to the Kislovodsk City Council, and the Goryachevodsky, Svobodnensky and Novo-Pyatigorsky Village Councils were transferred to the Pyatigorsk City Council. However, the city of Zheleznovodsk was annexed to Essentuki. Since August 30, 1930, the Essentuki region included two cities of Essentuki and Zheleznovodsk, ten village councils (Essentuksky, Novo-Blagodarnensky, Borgustansky, Bekeshevsky, Suvorovsky, Grazhdansky, Sunzhensky, Yutsky, Etotsky and Vin-Sady).

In 1934, the district was abolished. The Suvorov region was separated from the Essentuki region, and the city of Essentuki was transformed into a city region with a suburban area. On the territory of the Essentuki city district, there are four village councils with a population of 43686 people, including 19986 people in the Essentuki village and 14980 people in the city of Essentuki. In 1937, the territory of the Essentuki city district was reduced and only the city of Essentuki and the Essentuki village council with 9 collective farms and three state farms remained in it.