New Hampshire, situated in the New England region of the
northeastern United States, borders Massachusetts
to the south, Vermont to the west,
Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east,
and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north. This compact
state—the seventh-smallest by land area and tenth-least populous
with around 1.4 million residents as of 2020—features a capital
in Concord and its largest city in Manchester. It's famously
known for its residents' independent spirit and concise
demeanor, embodied in the state motto "Live Free or Die," along
with its frigid, snowy winters and abundant natural splendor.
The population leans libertarian, with fiscal conservatism and
cultural liberalism, and it's the least religious state in the
U.S., where about 40% are unaffiliated with any faith. Winters
here are long and harsh under a humid continental climate, with
average January highs ranging from 34°F on the coast to below
0°F in northern highlands, and annual snowfall often exceeding
100 inches in mountainous areas. Despite the chill, the state
draws visitors for activities like skiing, snowboarding, and ice
fishing on frozen lakes.
The landscape brims with scenic
wonders, including over 800 lakes and ponds (such as the
expansive Lake Winnipesaukee, the largest entirely within the
state), roughly 19,000 miles of rivers and streams, dense
forests covering much of the terrain, and a brief 18-mile ocean
coastline—the shortest among U.S. coastal states. Tourism
thrives on these features, highlighting fall foliage tours,
summer lakeside cottages, motorcycle rallies like Laconia
Motorcycle Week, and cultural events such as spring sugaring-off
at sap houses or the New Hampshire Highland Games. Locals harbor
a deep pride in this pristine environment, which boasts the
highest percentage of timberland in the nation and has seen
historical conservation pushes, like early 1900s anti-logging
reforms and 1970s blocks on oil refineries and highway
expansions through sensitive spots like Franconia Notch. As a
result, thoughtless behaviors that harm the ecosystem—such as
littering, straying off trails, or improper waste disposal—are
strongly discouraged, aligning with "Leave No Trace" principles
that emphasize packing out all trash and respecting wildlife
habitats.
For those exploring the White Mountains in the
north-central part of the state—a rugged range part of the
Appalachian Trail featuring granite peaks like Mount Washington
(at 6,288 feet, the Northeast's highest, infamous for "the
world's worst weather" with record winds and over 100 hiker
deaths from exposure)—thorough preparation is essential. Always
check forecasts for sudden changes in weather, high winds, or
precipitation, as conditions can turn subarctic quickly. Inform
a trusted contact about your route, expected return time, and
emergency contingency plans before setting out. Pack essentials
like sturdy boots with extra socks, rain gear, a map and
compass, headlamp, extra food and water, a pocket knife, and a
trash bag to minimize impact. Stick to marked trails, know your
physical limits to avoid overexertion, and research the hike in
advance for a safer experience. Volunteer groups like the
Pemigewasset Valley Search and Rescue Team handle many
operations and promote education to prevent incidents, but they
understandably resent late-night activations for avoidable
mishaps involving unprepared or lost adventurers.
New Hampshire, often called the Granite State for its rugged terrain
and independent spirit, is segmented into seven distinct tourism regions
that highlight its varied geography, from coastal beaches to towering
mountains and pristine lakes. These regions, promoted by the state's
Division of Travel and Tourism Development, cater to a wide array of
interests including outdoor adventures, historical sites, cultural
events, and seasonal recreation. Unlike formal counties (of which New
Hampshire has 10), these are informal divisions designed to showcase the
state's natural beauty and attractions, drawing millions of visitors
annually for activities like hiking, skiing, boating, and foliage
viewing in the fall. Here's an expanded overview of each, incorporating
details on geography, population estimates (where applicable, based on
recent 2024-2025 data), key landmarks, and unique features:
Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee Region: Positioned in the western-central part of
the state along Interstate 89, from Bradford northwest to the Vermont
border near Lebanon, this area combines the intellectual vibe of the
Upper Valley with the recreational allure of Lake Sunapee. It spans
about 500 square miles and has an approximate population of 120,000. The
Upper Valley includes Lebanon as a hub for commerce and manufacturing,
while Hanover hosts Dartmouth College, an prestigious Ivy League
institution founded in 1769, surrounded by agricultural communities and
tourist spots. Lake Sunapee itself is a major draw, with the town of
Sunapee serving as a summer resort destination featuring celebrity-owned
lakeside homes, boating, fishing, and winter skiing at Mount Sunapee
Resort. Other highlights include the Enfield Shaker Museum for
historical insights and numerous trails for hiking and biking in a
serene, four-season environment.
Great North Woods Region:
Encompassing the northernmost tip of New Hampshire in Coos County, north
of the White Mountains and bordering Canada, this vast, sparsely
populated wilderness area follows US Route 2 from Dalton to the Maine
border. Covering roughly 1,500 square miles with only about 30,000
residents, it's the least densely populated region, where Berlin (the
largest community with around 10,000 people) focuses on paper milling,
and Lancaster serves as the county seat. Ideal for backcountry
enthusiasts, it emphasizes rugged outdoor pursuits like hiking, camping,
fishing, and hunting amid dense forests. Key natural features include
the White Mountain National Forest's Pilot Range, Mount Cabot (the
highest peak at 4,170 feet), Nash Stream State Forest for wildlife
viewing, and the Connecticut Lakes as the headwaters of the Connecticut
River. Winter brings snowmobiling on extensive trail networks, while
moose sightings are common in this remote, unspoiled landscape.
Lakes
Region: Situated in east-central New Hampshire, south of the White
Mountains and extending to the Maine border, this water-centric area
includes Belknap County and parts of Carroll, Grafton, Strafford, and
Merrimack counties. Spanning approximately 1,000 square miles with a
population of around 150,000, it's dominated by over 270 lakes and
ponds, including the massive Lake Winnipesaukee (the state's largest at
72 square miles, dotted with islands and luxury vacation homes). The
terrain features the Belknap Mountains to the southwest and Ossipee
Mountains to the northeast, making it a hotspot for boating, swimming,
and fishing in summer. Major attractions include Motorcycle Week in
Laconia (one of the world's largest bike rallies), auto races at New
Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon, Funspot arcade in Weirs Beach
(billed as the world's largest), Squam Lakes Natural Science Center in
Holderness for wildlife education, Gunstock Mountain Resort in Gilford
for skiing and concerts at the Bank of New Hampshire Pavilion, and
Castle in the Clouds mansion in Moultonborough. It's also famous as the
filming location for movies like On Golden Pond (on Squam Lake) and What
About Bob? (set in Wolfeboro, America's oldest resort town).
Monadnock Region: Located in southwestern New Hampshire, this area is
centered around the iconic Mount Monadnock (3,165 feet, one of the most
climbed mountains in the world) and primarily covers Cheshire County
plus western Hillsborough County. With about 400 square miles and a
population of roughly 100,000, Keene stands out as the largest city
(around 23,000 residents) and a cultural center with Keene State
College. Renowned for outdoor recreation, it boasts hiking trails on
Mount Monadnock, four state parks including the expansive Pisgah State
Park (13,300 acres with ponds, fishing, and multi-use trails for biking,
ATVs, and snowmobiling), recreational rail trails for scenic walks, and
lakes with public beaches. Winter options include three ski areas like
Granite Gorge. Cultural gems feature Peterborough's MacDowell Colony (an
artists' retreat), the setting for Thornton Wilder's play Our Town,
Cathedral of the Pines memorial in Rindge, and Franklin Pierce
University, blending natural solitude with artistic heritage.
Merrimack Valley Region: Found in south-central New Hampshire, this
corridor stretches about 35 miles wide along the Merrimack River from
Canterbury south to the Massachusetts border, incorporating parts of
Hillsborough, Rockingham, and Merrimack counties. Covering around 800
square miles with a dense population of over 500,000, it includes the
state capital Concord (home to the historic State House and about 44,000
residents), Manchester (the largest city at 115,000, with a vibrant arts
scene and Manchester-Boston Regional Airport for commercial flights),
and Nashua (second-largest at 91,000, known for tech and shopping).
Historically a 19th-century textile powerhouse, it now mixes urban
amenities with suburban charm, featuring sites like the Currier Museum
of Art in Manchester, McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center in Concord for
space education, and outdoor spots along the river for kayaking and
fishing. Its bi-state connection with Massachusetts adds to its economic
dynamism.
Seacoast Region: Occupying the southeastern corner of the
state, this coastal strip runs 13 miles along the Atlantic Ocean from
the Massachusetts border at Salisbury to the Piscataqua River near
Maine, extending inland to areas like Epping and Rochester. The smallest
region at about 300 square miles but with a population of around
200,000, it features a mix of rocky headlands, sandy beaches (especially
in Hampton and Rye, some protected by jetties), and historic ports.
Portsmouth, the cultural heart with 22,000 residents, offers
colonial-era sites like Strawbery Banke Museum, Moffatt-Ladd House, and
John Paul Jones House, plus ferry access to the offshore Isles of Shoals
(including Star Island for conferences). Dover, the largest city at
33,000 and the state's oldest settlement (dating to 1623), hosts the
Children's Museum of New Hampshire and Woodman Institute Museum. As the
first area settled by Europeans, it's rich in maritime history, with
beaches for surfing, whale-watching tours, and fresh seafood dining.
White Mountains Region: Dominating northern New Hampshire, this
mountainous expanse is named for the White Mountains range and covers
southern Coos County plus northern Grafton and Carroll counties, from
Piermont south to the Maine border. Encompassing about 1,200 square
miles with a population of around 80,000, it's traversed by major routes
like Interstate 93 and the Appalachian Trail. Key towns include North
Conway (a shopping and resort hub), Lincoln (gateway to Franconia
Notch), and Littleton (with a historic downtown). Famous for dramatic
peaks like Mount Washington (6,288 feet, home to the world's worst
weather and a cog railway), it offers year-round adventures: hiking the
Presidential Range, skiing at resorts like Cannon Mountain or Bretton
Woods, scenic drives on the Kancamagus Highway, and attractions such as
Franconia Notch State Park (with the Old Man of the Mountain site), Lost
River Gorge, and Santa's Village theme park in Jefferson. Fall foliage
here is spectacular, and the Cohos Trail provides long-distance hiking
through forested wilderness.
Ashland - A small, scenic town in the
Lakes Region of Grafton County, known for its proximity to Squam Lake
and opportunities for outdoor recreation like hiking and boating. It has
a population of around 2,000 and features historic sites such as the
Ashland Historical Society museum.
Concord
- Serving as the state capital in Merrimack County, this city was
initially named Rumford before being renamed Penacook, reflecting its
Native American roots along the Merrimack River. With a population of
about 43,000, it's a hub for government, history, and culture, including
the New Hampshire State House and McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center.
Glen - An unincorporated community in Bartlett within the White
Mountains region, often associated with family-friendly attractions like
the Story Land amusement park and access to Mount Washington Valley for
skiing and hiking. It's a popular spot for tourists exploring the area's
natural beauty, though it lacks a formal town government.
Manchester - The largest city in New
Hampshire, located in the Merrimack Valley of Hillsborough County, with
a population exceeding 110,000. It boasts a strong industrial heritage,
vibrant arts scene, and amenities like the Currier Museum of Art,
alongside being a major economic center for manufacturing and
technology.
Meredith - A resort town in the Lakes Region of Belknap
County, situated on the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee. Home to about
6,500 residents, it's renowned for boating, summer festivals, and
attractions like the Winnipesaukee Scenic Railroad, making it a key
destination for water-based recreation.
Nashua - The second-largest
city in the state, also in Hillsborough County's Merrimack Valley, with
a population around 90,000. Positioned near the Massachusetts border,
it's a tech and retail hub featuring Mine Falls Park and a revitalized
downtown with breweries and cultural events.
Portsmouth - A historic
seaport city in Rockingham County on the Seacoast, known for its
colonial-era architecture and maritime heritage. With roughly 22,000
residents, highlights include Strawbery Banke Museum, Prescott Park, and
a lively waterfront scene with restaurants and theaters.
Tilton - A modest town in Belknap County within
the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee and Lakes regions, home to about 3,500
people. It's notable for outlet shopping at Tanger Outlets, the private
Tilton School, and proximity to lakes like Winnisquam for fishing and
boating.
Berlin - Located in the Great
North Woods of Coos County, this northern city has a population of
around 10,000 and a history tied to paper milling and logging. Today, it
emphasizes outdoor adventures like ATV trails in Jericho Mountain State
Park and serves as a gateway to the White Mountains.
Hanover - A college town in Grafton
County's Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee region, famous as the home of Dartmouth
College, an Ivy League institution founded in 1769. With about 11,000
residents, it offers cultural venues like the Hood Museum of Art and
access to the Appalachian Trail for hiking.
Keene
- Situated in Cheshire County within the Monadnock Region, this
southwestern city has a population of approximately 23,000 and is known
for Keene State College and the annual Pumpkin Festival. It features a
charming downtown with arts, shops, and trails around Mount Monadnock
for outdoor enthusiasts.
The Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire,
preserves the historic home, studios, and beautifully landscaped gardens
of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, one of America's preeminent sculptors who
lived from 1848 to 1907 and is celebrated for his works during the
Gilded Age. Spanning 83 acres with over 100 of his sculptures on
display, the site also highlights the vibrant Cornish Art Colony that
attracted numerous artists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries,
offering visitors a blend of art, history, and natural beauty through
exhibits, trails, and seasonal events.
Mount Washington State
Park sits atop the summit of Mount Washington, the highest peak in the
northeastern United States at 6,288 feet, encompassing a compact
60.3-acre area surrounded by the vast White Mountain National Forest.
Known for its extreme weather—including the record-breaking wind speed
of 231 mph recorded in 1934—the park features a visitor center,
cafeteria, gift shops, and the historic Mount Washington Observatory,
with access available via the scenic Auto Road, the world's first
mountain-climbing Cog Railway, or rigorous hiking trails that provide
breathtaking panoramic views extending up to 130 miles on clear days.
Waterville Valley serves as a charming four-season resort town
nestled in the heart of New Hampshire's White Mountains, fully enveloped
by the White Mountain National Forest and offering a self-contained
community ideal for families and outdoor enthusiasts. In winter, it
boasts 265 acres of skiable terrain across 62 trails on Mount Tecumseh
(reaching 3,997 feet), recognized as the birthplace of freestyle skiing,
while summer brings opportunities for hiking over 125 miles of trails,
mountain biking, disc golf, tennis, and swimming in Corcoran's Pond,
complemented by shops, dining, and lodging options like condos and inns.
The White
Mountain National Forest is a sprawling protected area exceeding 750,000
acres across New Hampshire and western Maine, famed for hosting the
Presidential Range—a dramatic series of high peaks primarily named after
U.S. presidents and other historical figures, including Mount Washington
(6,288 feet), Mount Adams, Mount Jefferson, and others. This forest
provides over 1,200 miles of hiking trails, such as the iconic
Appalachian Trail and the grueling Presidential Traverse (a 19-21 mile
route with 9,000 feet of elevation gain crossing eight 4,000-foot
peaks), along with opportunities for camping, wildlife viewing, scenic
drives like the Kancamagus Highway, and winter sports, all amid diverse
ecosystems from alpine tundra to dense hardwood forests.
America's Stonehenge arguable the most mysterious places in USA that is still in the middle of the debates on the age of the construction.
In New Hampshire, English is the predominant language spoken by the
overwhelming majority of residents, serving as the official language
while also allowing French for certain official interactions with
Quebec.
The state's northern regions feature a notable presence of
French speakers, largely attributable to its geographic closeness to
Quebec and extensive historical immigration by French Canadians—many of
whom arrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to work in mills
and factories, contributing to about a quarter of modern residents
claiming French American ancestry. This is particularly evident in areas
like Berlin in Coös County, where approximately 9.6% of the population
speaks French at home, down from 16% in 2000.
Meanwhile, the southern
areas are experiencing a rising Spanish-speaking community, driven by
recent immigration trends from countries like the Dominican Republic,
with concentrations in urban centers such as Manchester and Nashua—where
around 8% of Nashua's population reports speaking Spanish at home.
Despite this growth, the overall Spanish-speaking population remains
modest at about 2.1-2.4% statewide, paling in comparison to the much
larger Hispanic communities in major cities like Los Angeles (where over
48% of residents are Hispanic or Latino) or Albuquerque (around 47%).
For context, roughly 8% of New Hampshire's population aged five and
older speaks a non-English language at home, with Spanish being the most
common (around 30,000-36,000 speakers), followed by French (about
17,000-23,000), and smaller groups speaking Chinese, Portuguese, Nepali,
and others.
Traveling by Plane
The Manchester-Boston Regional Airport (MHT),
situated in Manchester, New Hampshire, off Brown Avenue near Route 101's
Exit 2, offers a practical entry point for visitors heading to the city
or broader southern New Hampshire areas. Contact them at +1 603 624-6556
or visit their website for the latest updates. This airport serves as a
budget-friendly and less stressful option compared to Boston's Logan
International Airport, handling around 1.3 million passengers annually
with typically short security lines (often 0-5 minutes). It features
airlines like American Airlines, United, JetBlue, Southwest, and Breeze
Airways, flying to destinations such as Raleigh-Durham (RDU), Myrtle
Beach (MYR), Fort Lauderdale (FLL), Fort Myers (RSW), Baltimore (BWI),
Washington Reagan (DCA), Philadelphia (PHL), Charlotte (CLT), and
Washington Dulles (IAD). Additional perks include holiday free parking
promotions and accessibility support through partnerships like Aira for
those who are Deaf, hard-of-hearing, blind, or low-vision.
Traveling by Bus
Greyhound provides affordable intercity bus options
to New Hampshire, reachable at +1-800-231-2222 or via their app for
bookings. Routes connect from major hubs like Montréal (Québec), Boston,
Burlington (Vermont), and various points in Maine, with key stops in New
Hampshire including Manchester (at Veterans Memorial Park or the
airport) and Hanover. For instance, direct trips run from Montréal to
Manchester or Boston, often stopping at the Boston Manchester Airport
terminal, with amenities like free Wi-Fi, power outlets, and extra
legroom on many buses. Fares start as low as $10-50 depending on the
route and advance booking.
Concord Coach Lines, contactable at
+1-800-639-3317, focuses on reliable service primarily from Boston and
Logan Airport to numerous New Hampshire locations, with extensions to
New York City via their premium Plus service featuring executive
seating, snacks, beverages, movies, and Wi-Fi. Stops across the state
include Berlin, Center Harbor, Concord (at 30 Stickney Avenue), Conway
(at First Stop Market), Franconia, Gorham, Jackson, Lincoln (at 7-Eleven
on Main Street), Littleton, North Londonderry, Salem (Transportation
Center), West Ossipee (at Watson General Store), and North Conway (at
Eastern Slope Inn). Tickets for Boston routes are flexible without
specific reservations, while NYC trips require them; check for seasonal
extras like college break schedules.
Traveling by Train
Train
access to New Hampshire remains somewhat restricted, with no direct
service to key urban centers like Manchester or Concord. Amtrak operates
two main routes that touch or border the state:
The Downeaster links
Boston's North Station to Brunswick, Maine, traversing New Hampshire's
seacoast area and providing access to beaches, shops, and seafood spots.
It runs year-round with multiple daily round-trips, taking about 3 hours
25 minutes end-to-end. Stops in New Hampshire include Exeter, Durham
(near UNH), and Dover, amid historic sites. If arriving from south of
Boston on the Northeast Corridor, note that those trains end at South
Station—you'll need to transfer to North Station via MBTA subway (Orange
Line), taxi, or a short walk (stations are about a mile apart). Upgrade
to Business Class for perks like spacious leather seats, footrests, free
non-alcoholic drinks, and pet-friendly policies with carriers.
The
Vermonter travels daily from Washington, DC, through New York City and
up to St. Albans, Vermont, crossing eastern New Hampshire and Vermont.
The full journey spans 13 hours 45 minutes, but it offers limited stops
in New Hampshire proper, such as Claremont. Nearby options across the
Connecticut River include White River Junction (close to Hanover and
Lebanon), Bellows Falls (near Walpole), and Brattleboro (adjacent to
Hinsdale). This makes it more suited for rural or border areas rather
than major cities, with scenic views of New England's landscapes along
the way.
Several intercity bus operators, such as Concord Coach Lines,
Dartmouth Coach, and Boston Express, provide reliable transportation
services across a substantial portion of New Hampshire, connecting major
hubs like Manchester, Concord, Hanover, and Portsmouth to regional
destinations including Boston and Portland. These services are
complemented by approximately 12 local transit systems focused primarily
on urban and suburban areas, including the Manchester Transit Authority
(covering Manchester and express routes to Nashua and Concord), the
Cooperative Alliance for Seacoast Transportation (serving the Portsmouth
and Dover regions), and Advance Transit (operating in the Upper Valley
around Hanover and Lebanon). Rural providers like Sullivan County
Transportation and Tri-County Transit also offer demand-response and
deviated fixed-route options in less populated areas, often catering to
seniors and individuals with disabilities through advance scheduling or
door-to-door services.
That said, driving a personal vehicle is
generally the most straightforward and flexible way to get around the
state, especially for reaching remote or scenic spots. Public buses and
trains have significant limitations in coverage; for instance, only
about 34 out of New Hampshire's 244 communities have regular fixed-route
bus service, and over 40 lack any public transportation options at all,
leaving vast rural swaths—particularly in the northern and western
regions—underserved. Train services are even more restricted, mainly
limited to Amtrak's Downeaster route (with stops in Exeter, Durham-UNH,
and Dover) and the Vermonter (stopping at Claremont Junction), which
primarily facilitate travel to and from neighboring states rather than
widespread intra-state connectivity. As a result, in many parts of the
state, renting or owning a car isn't just preferable—it's often the sole
viable choice for independent travel, particularly given the state's
mountainous terrain, spread-out attractions, and an aging population
that's increasingly reliant on accessible options amid growing service
demands.
Manchester has undergone a remarkable transformation from its origins
as a historic mill town into a bustling, revitalized urban center.
Originally named by merchant and inventor Samuel Blodget, it features
attractions like the Millyard Museum, which showcases its industrial
past, and the Zimmerman House, a Frank Lloyd Wright masterpiece.
The White Mountains region is renowned for its breathtaking natural
scenery, offering a wide array of outdoor activities including hiking on
challenging trails that often involve steep ascents and rock scrambles,
skiing, biking, and even winter adventures like snow tubing and sleigh
rides. Popular spots include the Mount Washington Cog Railway and the
scenic Kancamagus Highway.
Dartmouth College, a prestigious Ivy
League university located in Hanover, features a stunning campus and the
Hopkins Center for the Arts, which regularly hosts acclaimed performers
and has recently been expanded to enhance its role as a gateway to the
arts district. While cultural engagement in the area is somewhat
limited, this makes it easier to secure seats for events.
Venture
to a charming small town beyond the "Golden Triangle"—the area
encompassing Salem, Nashua, and Manchester along the Merrimack River,
which also includes Concord—to immerse yourself in the relaxed,
authentic atmosphere. Examples include peaceful spots like Woodstock,
Franconia, or Littleton, known for their scenic beauty and outdoor
opportunities.
Mount Washington stands at 6,288 feet (1,917 m),
making it the highest peak in the Northeastern United States and the
most prominent mountain east of the Mississippi River. It famously
recorded the world's highest wind speed of 231 miles per hour (372 km/h)
and provides thrilling hiking opportunities, along with Tuckerman
Ravine, a demanding backcountry skiing area that requires a hike to
access. The mountain is also home to unique wildlife, historic sites,
and attractions like the Cog Railway.
Lake Winnipesaukee, the
largest lake in New Hampshire, is a prime destination for boating,
fishing, hiking, biking, and winter sports like snowmobiling. Highlights
include scenic cruises on the MS Mount Washington, visits to Castle in
the Clouds, and nearby attractions such as the Bank of NH Pavilion for
concerts.
Portsmouth is a picturesque historic seaport town that
served as the residence for Revolutionary War naval hero John Paul
Jones, whose 1758 home is now a National Historic Landmark museum. The
area boasts a rich maritime history, with walking tours and exhibitions
at the Portsmouth Historical Society.
The American Classic Arcade
Museum, located in Weirs Beach, Laconia, within the Funspot Family
Entertainment Center, holds the Guinness World Record for the largest
arcade. As a 501(c)3 nonprofit dedicated to preserving arcade history,
it offers about 180 playable classic games on display, with more in
storage, earning it the nickname "the Louvre of the 8-bit world."
New Hampshire boasts diverse and high-quality skiing terrain, making
it a top destination in New England for winter sports enthusiasts. With
around 18 to 28 alpine ski areas depending on the source, the state
offers options for all skill levels, from beginner-friendly slopes to
challenging expert runs, often amid stunning mountain scenery. Many
resorts feature modern amenities like night skiing, terrain parks, and
year-round activities. The 2025/26 season sees various opening dates,
with some like Attitash already operational by early November, while
others aim for late November or December. Here's an expanded list of
notable resorts, including locations, contact info where available, and
additional highlights:
Attitash Mountain Resort, Bartlett (☏ +1
603 374-2368): Known for excellent snowmaking, grooming, and
family-friendly activities, it spans two connected mountains with varied
terrain for all levels. It's praised as one of New England's top spots
for weather and dining.
The Balsams Wilderness, Dixville Notch
(toll-free: +1-800-255-0600): This historic resort is currently
temporarily closed for skiing as it undergoes major redevelopment,
including ambitious ski area expansions with new trails planned.
Reopening remains uncertain amid financing and approval extensions
through 2030, but it has potential for future growth.
Black Mountain,
Jackson: A family-owned gem with affordable skiing, it offers 45 trails
across 143 acres, focusing on a relaxed vibe with glades and beginner
areas. It's one of the oldest ski areas in the state.
Bretton Woods
Mountain Resort, Bretton Woods: As New Hampshire's largest ski area, it
covers 464 acres with 63 trails and 35 glades, plus 10 lifts. It's ideal
for intermediates and families, with scenic views and luxury amenities
tied to the Omni Mount Washington Resort.
Cannon Mountain, Franconia:
State-operated with a rich history, it features 285 acres and 97 trails,
including steep drops and the highest summit in NH ski areas at 4,080
feet. It's known for its challenging terrain and aerial tramway.
Dartmouth Skiway, Lyme (☏ +1 603 795-2143): A compact, affordable spot
affiliated with Dartmouth College, offering 30 trails on 104 acres. It's
great for beginners and locals, with a projected opening around December
19, 2025.
Gunstock Mountain Resort, Gilford: Spanning 227 acres with
49 trails, it's a four-season destination with night skiing and
adventure activities like ziplining. It's beginner-friendly and aims to
open December 5, 2025.
King Pine Ski Area, East Madison (☏ +1 603
367-8896): Part of Purity Spring Resort, it has 17 trails on 50 acres,
emphasizing family fun with gentle slopes and tubing. It's often rated
highly for beginners.
Loon Mountain Resort, Lincoln: A year-round hub
with 61 trails over 370 acres, it's close to Boston and features
efficient lifts, terrain parks, and summer activities. Ranked among the
top 20 Eastern resorts for 2025.
Cranmore Mountain Resort, North
Conway: With 56 trails on 170 acres, it's family-oriented with a
projected opening on November 28, 2025. It includes a mountain adventure
park and is great for intermediates.
Mount Sunapee Resort, Mount
Sunapee (☏ +1 603 763-2356): Overlooking Lake Sunapee, it offers 66
trails on 233 acres with a family-friendly atmosphere and plans to open
November 26, 2025. Excellent for intermediates.
Pats Peak, Henniker
(☏ +1 603 428-3245): A beginner's paradise with 28 trails on 115 acres,
including night skiing and a focus on lessons. It's compact and
accessible.
Ragged Mountain Resort, Danbury (☏ +1 603 768-3600):
Features 57 trails across 250 acres, with glades and steeps for varied
experiences. It's a hidden gem for all levels.
Tenney Mountain,
Plymouth (☏ +1 603 536-4125): Recently reopened, it offers 45 trails on
110 acres with a mix of terrain. It's smaller but growing in popularity.
Waterville Valley Resort, Campton (☏ +1 603 236-8311): With 62 trails on
265 acres, it's a self-contained village resort known for its events and
freestyle terrain.
Whaleback Mountain, Lebanon (☏ +1 603 448-1489): A
community-focused hill with 30 trails on 85 acres, emphasizing
affordability and education. Projected opening December 19, 2025.
Wildcat Mountain, Jackson: Expert terrain with 48 trails on 225 acres,
including steep drops and glades. It has the longest vertical drop in NH
at 2,112 feet and is best for advanced skiers.
Note that some
resorts also offer cross-country skiing or additional winter activities,
and conditions can vary—check official sites for updates.
The White Mountains, situated in the central region of New Hampshire,
serve as a premier hub for hiking, drawing adventurers with their rugged
landscapes, steep ascents, and over 1,200 miles of non-motorized trails
in the White Mountain National Forest. Trails here are often
challenging, featuring significant elevation gains (up to 3,000+ feet on
moderate routes), rock scrambles, and diverse terrain from forests to
alpine zones. Popular options include the 32-mile Pemi Loop (crossing
eight 4,000-foot peaks), Franconia Ridge Loop (with epic ridge walks),
and shorter gems like Artists Bluff or Welch-Dickey Loop for stunning
views with less intensity. Beginners should start with easier hikes
under 3 miles and 1,000 feet of gain, while preparing for variable
weather and carrying essentials like maps and water.
The Appalachian
Trail (A.T.) traverses New Hampshire for about 161 miles, with a
particularly demanding 89.5-mile section through the White Mountains
National Forest that's considered one of the trail's toughest stretches.
It features more miles above treeline (15.2 miles) than any other state
on the A.T., offering breathtaking vistas but requiring strong
fitness—expect steep climbs, rocky paths, and elevations from 400 to
6,288 feet. The best time to hike is July to August for milder
conditions, though bugs and wetness can be issues in spring.
In
southern New Hampshire, Mount Monadnock stands out as the region's most
iconic peak at 3,165 feet, recognized as a National Natural Landmark and
reputed as the world's second-most climbed mountain after Mount Fuji in
Japan. It boasts a network of over 32 miles of trails, with popular
routes like the 3.9-mile White Dot and White Cross Trails loop
(challenging, with 1,790 feet of elevation gain) providing panoramic
views from the bald summit. For a steeper, quicker ascent, try the
1.9-mile White Dot Trail, but avoid peak crowds by opting for
alternatives like Birchtoft Trail. The hike typically takes 3-5 hours
round-trip and is rated for weekend warriors, offering a rewarding day
out with regional vistas.
New Hampshire, nestled in the heart of New England, boasts a storied
past filled with colonial settlements, industrial booms, and rugged
wilderness. This history has given rise to numerous haunted legends
rooted in tragedy, piracy, and unexplained phenomena, as well as
abandoned sites that echo with the remnants of forgotten communities and
enterprises. Many of these spots overlap, as abandonment often breeds
tales of restless spirits. Below, I'll delve into some of the most
notable examples, drawing from local folklore, historical accounts, and
reported paranormal experiences.
Haunted Legends of New Hampshire
The state's haunted lore often stems from its early settler days, with
ghosts tied to untimely deaths, lost loves, and mysterious occurrences.
Here are several prominent legends:
Ocean-Born Mary House
(Henniker)
One of New Hampshire's most famous hauntings revolves
around Mary Wallace, born at sea in 1720 aboard a ship captured by
pirate captain Don Pedro. The pirate spared the passengers after Mary's
mother promised to name the child after his wife, "Ocean-Born Mary."
Years later, Don Pedro retired to Henniker, built a house for Mary (who
married and widowed young), and was allegedly murdered by sailors, his
body buried under the kitchen hearthstone. Mary lived there until 1814
and is buried in the nearby Centre Cemetery. The two-story wood-frame
house is said to be protected by her benevolent spirit—a tall woman with
fiery red hair and glowing green eyes—who appears in the upstairs window
or on the main staircase. Residents and visitors report feeling her
watchful presence, with some claiming she guards the home from harm.
Paranormal investigators have noted unexplained footsteps and cold
spots.
Mount Washington Hotel (Bretton Woods)
This grand
resort, built between 1900 and 1902 by industrialist Joseph Stickney, is
haunted by his widow, Carolyn Foster Stickney, known as "Princess
Carolyn" after remarrying a French prince. She died in 1936, but her
spirit lingers, particularly in Room 314, which features her original
four-poster bed. Guests report seeing an elegant woman in Victorian
attire descending the stairs or wandering third-floor hallways, with
lights flickering on and off, perfume scents wafting through the air,
and shadowy figures in photographs. Staff have witnessed her entering
the dining room during winter months. The hotel's opulent history,
including hosting the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference that shaped global
finance, adds to its eerie allure, with some attributing the hauntings
to Carolyn's attachment to the property.
Pine Hill Cemetery
(Hollis), aka "Blood Cemetery"
This 1700s-era graveyard, with over
300 headstones, is infamous for the spirit of Abel Blood, buried in 1867
beside his wife Betsy. Legend claims the Blood family was murdered, and
Abel's malevolent ghost manifests as floating orbs, tapping sounds, and
apparitions. His tombstone features a carved hand pointing upward
(symbolizing heaven), but witnesses say it points downward at night or
changes color, signaling damnation. Visitors report cold spots,
disembodied voices, and a sense of dread, making it a hotspot for ghost
hunters.
Isles of Shoals (Portsmouth)
This archipelago off the
coast harbors ghosts on nine islands, including a sad woman in white
wandering Boon Island Lighthouse, where she opens doors and climbs
stairs. The most tragic tale involves the 1843 wreck of the ghost ship
Isidore, whose spectral vessel is still sighted. Other reports include
phantom sailors and unexplained lights, tied to the islands' history of
smuggling, murder, and isolation.
The Chase House (Portsmouth)
Originally an orphanage, this site is haunted by a young girl who
reportedly hanged herself in her bedroom after a tragic event. Her
apparition appears in hallways, screams echo from her room, and she
manipulates doors and electricity. The building's dark past as a home
for abandoned children amplifies the sorrowful energy.
Other
legends include Nancy Barton, who froze to death pursuing a faithless
lover in Hart’s Location (her grave marker is in The Notchland Inn), and
the "Blue Lady" of Vale Cemetery in Wilton, whose grave emits rising
blue lights. Local Reddit threads and X posts often share personal
encounters, like invisible presences in old neighborhoods or ghostly
joggers on Manchester's River Road.
Abandoned Places in New
Hampshire
The Granite State's abandoned sites range from decaying
mining operations to forgotten farming villages, many shrouded in
mystery and occasionally linked to hauntings due to their isolation and
histories of hardship.
Madame Sherri's Castle Ruins
(Chesterfield)
Built in the early 1900s as a lavish summer chateau by
Paris-born costume designer Madame Antoinette Sherri, this mansion
hosted extravagant parties amid her eccentric lifestyle. As her fortune
waned, she abandoned it in the mid-1900s; vandalism ravaged the interior
by 1959, and a 1963 fire left only stone foundations and a grand spiral
staircase. Now part of Madame Sherri Forest, it's accessible via hiking
trails like the 2-mile Anne Stokes Loop. Legends claim climbing the
staircase summons Madame Sherri's laughter, with reports of eerie
whispers and shadowy figures, blending abandonment with haunted vibes.
Paddock Mines (Lyman)
This abandoned copper mine complex in the
White Mountains dates to the 19th century, with shafts, pits, and
decaying structures scattered across the site. Once a bustling
operation, it was left derelict after resource depletion, now overgrown
and hazardous with deep vertical drops. Explorers report an unsettling
atmosphere, though no specific hauntings are documented; its isolation
fuels tales of lost miners' spirits. Safety warnings abound due to
unstable ground.
Village of Livermore (White Mountains)
An
abandoned logging town incorporated in 1876 along the Sawyer River
Railroad, it thrived in the late 19th and early 20th centuries before
being deserted due to economic decline. Remnants include foundations,
old rail beds, and overgrown paths. No overt hauntings, but its ghostly
quiet evokes the era's harsh logging life.
Thornton Gore Hill
Farming Settlement (Thornton)
This 19th-century hill farming
community housed 30-40 families but was abandoned due to rocky soil and
failed agriculture. Ruins like stone walls, wells, and cellars remain
near Talford and Eastman Brooks, offering a glimpse into rural hardship.
Redstone Granite Quarry (Conway)
Opened in the late 1800s on
Rattlesnake Mountain, this quarry employed over 100 workers at its peak
but closed in the 1940s. Abandoned equipment and pits dot the landscape,
with a sense of industrial decay; some visitors report strange echoes,
possibly wind or imagination.
Other sites include the Elbow Pond
cabin community in Woodstock and the Bemis Granite Quarry in Hart's
Location, both forgotten relics of extraction industries. Reddit users
and X discussions highlight urban abandons like old mills in Manchester
or decomposed 1700s houses in Cornish forests, often explored for their
creepy allure.
These legends and sites attract hikers, historians,
and paranormal enthusiasts, but always respect private property and
safety—many areas are treacherous or restricted. New Hampshire's blend
of natural beauty and shadowy history keeps these stories alive.
New Hampshire stands out as a premier shopping destination in New England, largely due to its lack of state sales tax on most retail purchases, including clothing, electronics, and other goods (meals and lodging are taxed, but that's separate from shopping). This tax-free advantage draws shoppers from neighboring states like Massachusetts, Vermont, and Maine, especially for big-ticket items where the savings can add up significantly. The state offers a diverse mix of shopping experiences, from sprawling outlet centers with designer brands at discounted prices to charming local boutiques, antique shops, artisanal markets, and seasonal farmers' markets. Whether you're hunting for high-end fashion, unique handmade crafts, or everyday essentials, NH's shopping scene caters to all budgets and tastes, often set against scenic backdrops like the White Mountains or the Seacoast region.
Shopping in New Hampshire is spread across the state, with
concentrations in urban areas, resort towns, and along major highways.
Here's a breakdown by region:
Southern New Hampshire
This
area, close to the Massachusetts border, features some of the state's
largest malls and outlets, making it ideal for day trips from Boston or
other nearby cities.
Merrimack Premium Outlets (Merrimack): One
of the most popular outlet malls, with over 100 stores including brands
like Coach, Nike, Kate Spade, and Under Armour. It's an open-air center
with deals up to 65% off retail prices. Amenities include dining options
and easy access off I-93.
The Mall at Rockingham Park (Salem): A
large indoor mall with anchors like Macy's, JCPenney, and Dick's
Sporting Goods, plus specialty stores for apparel, jewelry, and home
goods. It's adjacent to other retail strips for extended shopping.
Pheasant Lane Mall (Nashua): Straddling the NH-Massachusetts border
(with stores on the NH side tax-free), it features over 130 stores
including Apple, Sephora, and Lululemon. It's a mix of fashion, tech,
and dining.
The Mall of New Hampshire (Manchester): The state's
largest enclosed mall, with more than 125 stores like Old Navy, Best
Buy, and Victoria's Secret. It's climate-controlled, family-friendly,
and includes a food court and entertainment options.
Other spots:
Bedford Mall offers smaller-scale shopping with local flair.
Seacoast Region (Eastern NH)
Centered around Portsmouth, this area
blends historic charm with modern retail, and its proximity to Maine
outlets adds cross-border appeal.
Mall at Fox Run (Newington): An
indoor mall with stores like Kohl's, TJ Maxx, and hobby shops, plus
nearby big-box retailers. It's convenient for Seacoast visitors.
Portsmouth Boutiques and Downtown: The historic downtown area is packed
with independent shops selling art, jewelry, clothing, and souvenirs.
Highlights include unique bookstores, galleries, and specialty stores
for nautical-themed items or local crafts. It's walkable and often
combined with dining at nearby restaurants.
Nearby: Kittery Premium
Outlets in Maine (just across the bridge) offer tax-free NH synergy with
over 120 stores, but stick to NH for pure tax savings.
Central
New Hampshire (Lakes Region and Capital Area)
This region focuses on
a mix of outlets and quaint town shopping, often tied to outdoor
recreation.
Tanger Outlets Tilton (Tilton): An open-air outlet
center with about 50 stores like Gap, Old Navy, and Under Armour. It's
in the Lakes Region, perfect for combining with boating or hiking.
Steeplegate Mall (Concord): A smaller indoor mall with stores like Hobby
Lobby and local vendors, though it's more community-oriented than
high-end.
Lakes Region Towns: Places like Meredith, Wolfeboro, and
Laconia feature lakeside boutiques, antique shops, and seasonal markets
selling everything from handmade soaps to boating gear.
Northern
New Hampshire (White Mountains and Beyond)
The mountainous north is
known for resort-style shopping, with a focus on outdoor gear,
souvenirs, and tax-free outlets amid stunning scenery.
Settlers
Green Outlet Village (North Conway): A flagship tax-free outlet complex
with over 70 stores like Banana Republic, J.Crew, and Brooks Brothers.
It's part of a larger area including Settlers Crossing and Streetside,
offering year-round events like art walks and holiday lights.
North
Conway Village: Beyond outlets, this area has dozens of locally owned
boutiques under the White Mountain Independents banner (look for the
blue flag). They specialize in handcrafted items, apparel, and unique
souvenirs like maple products or hiking gear.
Other White Mountains
Spots: Littleton for eclectic shops; Bethlehem for antiques; Franconia
and Sugar Hill for artisan crafts; Lincoln and North Woodstock for
strollable shopping districts; Waterville Valley's Town Square for a mix
of shops and entertainment; Mount Washington Valley with over 200 stores
along Route 16.
Far North: Towns like Plymouth and Littleton have art
galleries and candy stores like Chutters, known for its world's longest
candy counter.
Outlets and Discount Shopping: NH excels here with tax-free deals on
designer goods. Major chains dominate, but expect crowds during peak
seasons like back-to-school or holidays.
Boutiques and Local Shops:
Independent stores abound, especially in villages like North Conway or
Portsmouth, offering personalized service and unique finds.
Antiques
and Vintage: Popular in Bethlehem, Wolfeboro, and side-street shops
statewide. Hunt for furniture, collectibles, and New England
memorabilia.
New Hampshire-Made Products: Support local artisans with
items like gourmet foods (e.g., Stonyfield Yogurt), jewelry, clothing,
toys, natural skincare (e.g., Badger Balm), and home furnishings. Find
them at League of NH Craftsmen galleries, small-town markets, or online
via NH Made. Examples include Timberland boots and handcrafted
art—perfect for souvenirs.
Specialty and Niche: Candy stores (e.g.,
Chutters in Littleton, Lickee's & Chewy's in Dover), bead shops (Anita's
Beads in Wakefield), art galleries (Artistic Roots in Plymouth), and
outdoor gear spots (e.g., Bend It Fishing in Goffstown).
Farmers'
Markets and Seasonal: Year-round indoor markets and summer outdoor ones
sell fresh produce, crafts, and baked goods. Holiday markets in December
feature festive decor and gifts.
Best Times: Fall foliage season (September-October) combines shopping
with scenic drives; winter for holiday deals and ski-town vibes; summer
for outdoor markets near lakes or mountains.
Events: Many outlets
host sales events, like Black Friday extravaganzas or summer sidewalk
sales. North Conway's art walks and Portsmouth's market days add fun.
Practical Advice: Use I-93 or Route 16 for easy access. Parking is
generally free, but outlets can get busy—shop early. Combine with
tourism: Shop in North Conway after hiking or in Portsmouth after harbor
tours. For cross-border savings, note that Maine has sales tax, so
prioritize NH stores. Always check store hours, as some small shops
close early or seasonally.
Sustainability: Many local shops emphasize
eco-friendly, NH-made goods, aligning with the state's outdoor ethos.
New Hampshire boasts an abundance of charming roadside diners and
hearty, budget-friendly fast-food spots that deliver oversized portions
perfect for satisfying big appetites on the go.
These classic
establishments often feature retro vibes and all-day breakfast menus,
with favorites like fluffy pancakes, juicy burgers, and homemade pies
that evoke a sense of nostalgia. For instance, the Tilt'n Diner in
Tilton captures that 1950s essence with its chrome accents and booths,
serving up generous helpings of comfort food near popular shopping
outlets. Similarly, the Common Man Roadside Cafe & Deli chain provides
quick grabs like fresh sandwiches and salads from convenience store
locations across the state, emphasizing real, fast meals without
skimping on quality.
In areas like Manchester, affordable
eateries abound, such as Goldenrod, a retro spot dishing out
belt-busting classics including fried clams, hot dogs, chicken fingers,
and ice cream treats—all at prices that won't strain your wallet. Other
gems include the Roundabout Diner in Portsmouth, known for its comfort
food staples on the traffic circle, and the Littleton Diner up north,
where home-cooked New England meals like meatloaf or turkey dinners are
prepared fresh to order at reasonable rates. For even cheaper bites,
Manchester's scene shines with places like The Gyro Spot for quick
Mediterranean wraps or USA Chicken & Biscuit for Southern-style fried
fare, often allowing a full meal under $20.
Whether you're
road-tripping through the White Mountains or exploring coastal towns,
these diners and eateries offer a delicious, no-frills way to fuel up
while experiencing the Granite State's welcoming hospitality.
Although New Hampshire may not be the first place that comes to mind
for a bustling nightlife scene, the city of Manchester offers a variety
of clubs and bars worth exploring, such as Jewel Nightclub with its
high-energy live music and DJ sets, Club Fuse known for themed nights
and dancing, and the Strange Brew Tavern, which combines craft beer taps
with frequent live performances and a laid-back vibe.
The state
features a thriving craft beer landscape, boasting over 70 breweries
that include a mix of microbreweries, nanobreweries, and brewpubs dotted
across scenic towns and cities, many emphasizing local ingredients and
innovative brewing techniques.
Some standout breweries and brewpubs
to consider include:
Smuttynose Brewing Company, Hampton
(relocated from its original Portsmouth site): As New Hampshire's
pioneering craft brewery since 1994, it specializes in bold, flavorful
ales and IPAs like the iconic Finestkind IPA (a citrusy, hop-forward
brew at 6.9% ABV) and Old Brown Dog Ale, with a family-friendly tasting
room and events space.
The Portsmouth Brewery, Portsmouth: This
once-popular spot, known for its eclectic pub menu and house-brewed
beers, unfortunately closed permanently in 2023 following severe
flooding damage, though its legacy lives on in the local beer community.
Seven Barrel Brewery, Lebanon: A former staple for casual pub fare and
small-batch brews, it closed its doors years ago after being sold,
marking the end of an era for Upper Valley beer enthusiasts.
Tuckerman Brewing, Conway: Nestled near the White Mountains, this
brewery delivers a welcoming atmosphere with a solid lineup of beers,
non-alcoholic options, and unexpectedly tasty food pairings, making it
ideal for après-ski visits or outdoor adventures.
Flying Goose
Brewpub, New London: A cozy brewpub offering house-made beers alongside
hearty grill favorites, with outdoor seating in season and a focus on
community events—perfect for a relaxed evening in central New Hampshire.
Elm City Brewpub, Keene: Operating as both a brewery and full-service
restaurant for over 30 years in the Monadnock region, it highlights
handcrafted ales using fresh local produce, burgers, and eggs, served in
a warm setting with mahogany booths, a sunroom, or summer patio.
Anheuser-Busch (Budweiser), Merrimack: This large-scale facility
provides engaging brewery tours showcasing the beer-making process,
fresh tastings, a gift shop, and special events, appealing to those
interested in major-label production alongside craft vibes.
New Hampshire consistently earns top spots in national safety rankings, often placing first or in the top three safest states based on metrics like low crime rates, financial security, and emergency preparedness. While violent and property crimes remain exceptionally rare and are seldom an issue for residents or visitors, drivers should always stay vigilant, particularly if they're new to navigating snowy or icy roads during the state's harsh winters, where black ice and reduced visibility can lead to accidents. In the White Mountains and northern areas, moose represent a notable road hazard, with around 45 to 75 vehicle collisions reported annually; these massive animals, weighing up to 1,500 pounds, can suddenly cross highways, so it's advised to keep speeds under 55 mph and scan roadsides, especially during dawn, dusk, or the fall mating season. For hikers, black bear sightings or encounters are a real possibility in forested regions, but they can usually be avoided by making noise on trails, storing food properly in bear-proof containers, and if confronted, speaking calmly while slowly backing away without running or turning your back. Weather in higher elevations, such as the Presidential Range, can shift dramatically from mild to severe in minutes, bringing high winds, fog, or sudden storms. The Mount Washington area, in particular, is infamous for some of the planet's most extreme conditions, including a record wind gust of 231 mph in 1934, average annual snowfall exceeding 280 inches, and over 160 fatalities since the mid-1800s due to hypothermia, avalanches, and other hazards—even in summer. Always prepare meticulously for hikes by checking forecasts, carrying essentials like layers, maps, and emergency gear, informing someone of your plans, and considering guided tours for challenging routes.
Pre-Colonial Period
The history of New Hampshire begins with
Indigenous peoples who inhabited the region for thousands of years
before European arrival. Archaeological evidence suggests human presence
dating back approximately 13,000 years, with the first known inhabitants
arriving in areas like present-day Keene. The primary Native American
groups were Algonquian-speaking tribes, collectively known as the
western Abenaki, including the Pennacook (with their central village
near modern Concord), Cowasuck, Ossipee, Pigwacke, Sokoki, and
Winnipesaukee. These tribes lived in semi-autonomous bands and clans,
organized into larger tribal entities, residing in villages along rivers
and lakes. They spoke related dialects of the Abenaki language, meaning
"people of the dawnland," and their culture emphasized fishing, hunting,
gathering, and agriculture. Before European contact, the Native
population in the area is estimated at around 3,000. Place names like
Pemigewasset, Kancamagus, and Passaconaway serve as enduring reminders
of their presence. Diseases introduced by early explorers, such as
smallpox epidemics between 1615-1620 and 1633, devastated the
population, killing 80-90% of Indigenous people. Many survivors fled
north to areas like St. Francis in Quebec, while others integrated into
colonial society through intermarriage. By 1700, few Native Americans
remained within colonial boundaries, and today, there are no federally
or state-recognized tribes in New Hampshire, though some Abenaki groups
continue to seek recognition.
European Exploration and Settlement
European contact began in the early 17th century. English mariner Martin
Pring sailed up the Piscataqua River in 1603, followed by French
explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1605. In 1614, Captain John Smith mapped
the region, naming it "North Virginia." The first permanent European
settlement occurred in 1623 when English merchant Captain John Mason,
along with Sir Ferdinando Gorges, received a land grant from the Council
for New England for the area between the Merrimack and Kennebec Rivers.
That year, David Thomson established a fishing and trading post at
Odiorne's Point in present-day Rye, considered the first European
settlement in New Hampshire. Shortly after, brothers Edward and William
Hilton founded a settlement at Hilton's Point (now Dover), known as the
Upper Plantation and the seventh oldest continuous settlement in the
U.S. In 1629, Mason renamed his portion "New Hampshire" after his home
county in England. Additional settlements followed: Strawbery Banke
(later Portsmouth) in 1630, Exeter in 1638 by John Wheelwright, and
Hampton by 1635. These early communities focused on fishing, trading,
and agriculture. By 1631, the Upper Plantation included Dover, Durham,
and Stratham. Initial relations with Native Americans were relatively
peaceful, but conflicts arose as settlers stole resources, enslaved
Indigenous people, and spread diseases. Mason died in 1635 without
visiting the colony, and his heirs' unprofitable ventures led to
governance disputes. In 1641, New Hampshire towns fell under
Massachusetts jurisdiction via a compact, allowing local home rule until
1679.
Colonial Era
In 1679, King Charles II separated New
Hampshire from Massachusetts, establishing it as a royal province with
John Cutt as the first governor. The province briefly joined the
Dominion of New England in 1686, which collapsed in 1689, leading to a
period of de facto Massachusetts rule. A new charter in 1691 placed it
under joint governance with Massachusetts until 1741, when Benning
Wentworth became the first independent governor, serving until 1767—the
longest tenure of any royal governor in the colonies. Wentworth issued
controversial land grants west of the Connecticut River (the New
Hampshire Grants), sparking disputes with New York and contributing to
the eventual formation of Vermont in the 1790s. The colony's frontier
position fueled conflicts with French and Native forces, including King
William's War (1689-1697), Queen Anne's War (1702-1713)—ending with the
harsh Treaty of Portsmouth imposing terms on Native tribes—and later
wars like Father Rale's (1722-1725), Dummer's (1723-1726), and King
George's (1744-1748). These drove out or killed most Native populations
by the 1740s. Border feuds with Massachusetts and Maine persisted until
a 1741 ruling by King George II. By 1767, a census reported about 52,700
people, divided into five counties (later expanded to ten). New
Hampshire participated in colonial wars against France from 1689-1763,
with Portsmouth as the government seat and 147 chartered towns by the
Revolution's eve. Slavery was introduced in 1645 via African captives in
Portsmouth, though numbers remained low (around 700 Black residents by
the Revolution, some free). Laws like a 1714 curfew targeted enslaved
people, and the institution persisted until 1857, with the 1840 census
marking the last enumeration of slaves. In 1719, Scotch-Irish settlers
from Londonderry, Ireland, founded a colony in what became Derry,
introducing potato cultivation to North America.
American
Revolution
New Hampshire was a hotbed of revolutionary activity. On
December 13, 1774, Paul Revere rode 55 miles from Boston to warn
Portsmouth of British plans to seize Fort William and Mary. The next
day, nearly 400 colonists raided the fort, capturing gunpowder, arms,
and cannons—among the first shots of the Revolution, with no casualties.
Sympathy for independence was widespread; on January 5, 1776, New
Hampshire became the first colony to establish its own government and
constitution, instructing delegates to vote for independence at the
Continental Congress. It raised three Continental Army regiments and
militia units, contributing to battles like Bunker Hill (where nearly
all colonists were from New Hampshire), Bennington (victory under
General John Stark), Saratoga, and Rhode Island. Portsmouth built ships
like the USS Ranger and USS Raleigh for the Continental Navy. Signers of
the Declaration of Independence included Josiah Bartlett, Matthew
Thornton, and William Whipple. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became
the ninth state to ratify the U.S. Constitution, providing the decisive
vote for its adoption. John Langdon served as the first acting Vice
President and Senate President during Washington's election, and Meshech
Weare was the first state "president."
Early Statehood and 19th
Century
Post-independence, New Hampshire grew rapidly. Concord became
the capital in 1808. Agriculture flourished, especially sheep raising,
while manufacturing developed along rivers, particularly in Manchester.
Railroads expanded in the mid-19th century, with the Boston and Maine
Railroad controlling most lines by the century's end and influencing
politics. In 1832, the short-lived Republic of Indian Stream formed on
the northern border due to unresolved boundaries with Canada, annexed by
New Hampshire in 1835 and resolved by the 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
Abolitionism gained traction; the interracial Noyes Academy in Canaan
opened in 1835 but was destroyed by opponents. John P. Hale represented
anti-slavery sentiments in the Free Soil Party. Jacksonian Democrats
dominated under Isaac Hill, but nativism spurred the Know Nothing
Party's 1855 landslide, enacting reforms like liquor prohibition and
anti-slavery measures before merging with Republicans in 1856. During
the Civil War (1861-1865), New Hampshire sent 35,000 troops (11% of its
population) and 31,650 soldiers plus officers in 18 regiments, with high
casualties; the 5th New Hampshire Infantry suffered the most battle
deaths of any Union regiment. Industrial cities produced uniforms,
shoes, and rifles. Immigration surged: French Canadians (16% of
population by 1900, a quarter in Manchester) and others from Ireland,
Germany, Poland, and Europe filled textile mills and tanneries. The
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester became the nation's largest
textile producer, attracting waves of workers, including 900,000 French
Canadians to the U.S. between 1840-1930; by 2021, up to 20% of residents
had French ancestry. Agricultural decline led farmers to shift to dairy,
fruits, and vegetables. Tourism boomed with grand hotels in the White
Mountains and lakes region, while commercial logging expanded in the
north, with mills in Berlin processing pulp and paper. Innovations
included the first American public library in Peterborough (1833), the
Concord Coach, the first cog-railroad to Mount Washington (1869), and
the first fish and game department in New England (1865). The Shakers
established Canterbury Shaker Village in 1792, peaking at 300 residents
in the 1850s before declining; it became a museum in 1992.
20th
Century
The early 20th century saw industrial shifts. Textile mills
declined due to the Great Depression and southern competition: Amoskeag
closed in 1935, Nashua in 1949, and Berlin's paper mill faced bankruptcy
in the 1940s. Post-World War II, highways strengthened economic ties to
Boston. New industries emerged: Sanders Associates replaced Nashua's
textile mill in 1952, and Digital Equipment Corporation arrived in the
1970s, turning southern New Hampshire into a high-tech hub linked to
Massachusetts' Route 128 corridor. Tourism and outdoor recreation grew,
bolstered by the White Mountains, Mount Washington (site of the world's
first mountain-climbing cog railway and aerial tramway in Franconia
Notch), 1,300 lakes, and coastal resorts like Hampton Beach (rebuilt
after a 1915 fire). The state hosted pivotal events: the 1905 Treaty of
Portsmouth ending the Russo-Japanese War and the 1944 Bretton Woods
Conference, establishing the World Bank, IMF, and U.S. dollar as the
global standard. Notable figures include astronaut Alan Shepard (first
American in space, 1961, born in Derry) and Christa McAuliffe (first
civilian in space, died in the 1986 Challenger disaster). The "Old Man
of the Mountain" granite formation collapsed in 2003. New Hampshire's
motto, "Live Free or Die," reflects its libertarian ethos, with no state
income tax (one of nine such states) and a reputation for independence.
21st Century
In the 21st century, New Hampshire's population has
grown to about 1.4 million, with 234 municipalities. It remains known
for its presidential primary—the first in the nation—drawing intense
political attention and influencing elections via the adage "As New
Hampshire goes, so goes the nation." The economy focuses on
biotechnology, high-tech industries, education (including prestigious
boarding schools), and tourism. The state is the 41st most populous and
46th by area, emphasizing outdoor activities, winter sports, and natural
beauty, including the White Mountains and coastal areas. Challenges
include rural depopulation in the north and suburban growth in the
south, tied to Boston's economy.
New Hampshire, located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States, is a compact state spanning approximately 9,350 square miles (24,216 km²), making it the fifth-smallest by area. It borders Quebec, Canada, to the north and northwest; Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east; Massachusetts to the south; and Vermont to the west. The state's dimensions are roughly 190 miles (305 km) north to south and 68 miles (110 km) east to west, with a geographic center in Belknap County, about 3 miles east of Ashland. Its elevation ranges from sea level along the Atlantic coast to 6,288 feet (1,917 m) at Mount Washington, the highest peak in the northeastern U.S., with an average elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 m). New Hampshire boasts the shortest ocean coastline of any U.S. coastal state, measuring just 18 miles (29 km), though sometimes cited as 13 miles (21 km) excluding bays and inlets. Inland water covers about 4.2% of the state, totaling 396 square miles (1,026 km²).
The state's topography is diverse and rugged, dominated by the White
Mountains in the north-central region, part of the Appalachian Mountain
chain. This area includes the Presidential Range, with peaks like Mount
Washington (6,288 ft), Mount Adams (5,774 ft), and Mount Jefferson
(5,712 ft), known for extreme weather conditions, including
hurricane-force winds occurring every third day on average and over 100
recorded hiker deaths. The White Mountains feature alpine tundra above
the treeline, with krumholtz (stunted, wind-sculpted trees) in
transitional zones, and are heavily forested below, blending conifers
and northern hardwoods.
In the southwest, Mount Monadnock rises as an
isolated peak at 3,165 feet (965 m), exemplifying a "monadnock"
formation—resistant rock standing above eroded plains—and serving as a
popular hiking destination. The state is part of two major ecoregions:
the New England-Acadian forests in the north and the Northeastern
coastal forests in the southeast, with overall forest coverage making
New Hampshire the most timberland-heavy state in the U.S. at about 84%.
Rolling hills and valleys characterize the central and southern areas,
transitioning to coastal plains in the southeast.
Notable landforms
include Franconia Notch, home to the former Old Man of the Mountain rock
profile (which collapsed in 2003 but remains a state emblem), and the
Connecticut River Valley along the western border.
New Hampshire can be divided into seven geographical regions: the Great North Woods (northern third, sparsely populated with boreal forests, logging, and outdoor recreation); the White Mountains (mountainous core with ski resorts and the Appalachian Trail); the Lakes Region (east-central, dotted with lakes and low mountains like the Ossipee Range); the Seacoast (eastern coastal strip with beaches and ports); the Merrimack Valley (central river corridor with urban centers); the Monadnock Region (southwestern hills and rural landscapes); and the Dartmouth-Lake Sunapee area (west-central, featuring lakes and college towns). The "North Country" above the White Mountain notches holds less than 5% of the population and has shifted economically from mills to tourism.
New Hampshire experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa/Dfb, with Dfc subarctic in higher elevations), featuring warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. Annual precipitation averages 40-50 inches (100-125 cm), evenly distributed, with snowfall ranging from 60 inches (150 cm) in the south to over 100 inches (250 cm) in the mountains. Summers see July highs in the mid-70s to low-80s°F (24-28°C), while January highs range from 34°F (1°C) on the coast to below 0°F (-18°C) in the north. The Atlantic moderates the southeast, making it milder, while northern highlands are colder and windier. Extreme weather includes nor'easters bringing heavy snow (e.g., Blizzard of 1978), occasional tornadoes (about two per year), and remnants of hurricanes turning extratropical. Record temperatures are 106°F (41°C) in Nashua (1911) and -47°F (-44°C) on Mount Washington (1934). USDA plant hardiness zones span 3b in the north to 5b/6a in the south.
The state is rich in water features, with over 800 lakes and ponds,
19,000 miles (31,000 km) of rivers and streams, and five major drainage
basins. The Merrimack River, at 110 miles (177 km), drains the central
region southward into Massachusetts, fed by tributaries like the
Pemigewasset, Contoocook, and Winnipesaukee Rivers. The Connecticut
River, 410 miles (660 km) total, forms the western border with Vermont
(legally within New Hampshire except for dams) and originates from the
Connecticut Lakes near Canada. Eastern borders involve the Piscataqua
River (forming Portsmouth Harbor, the state's only major port) and
Salmon Falls River with Maine. Largest lakes include Lake Winnipesaukee
(71 sq mi or 184 km², with 365 islands and popular for boating) in the
east-central area, followed by Squam Lake and Umbagog Lake on the Maine
border.
Offshore, the Isles of Shoals (nine islands, four in New
Hampshire) lie 7 miles (11 km) from the coast, historically tied to
fishing and art colonies.
Known as the "Granite State," New Hampshire has abundant granite quarries and formations. Forests support logging, papermaking, and tourism, especially fall foliage viewing. Agricultural resources include dairy, apples, cattle, and nursery stock, while industries produce machinery and plastics. Renewable energy sources like hydroelectric dams on rivers, wind farms, and biomass are prominent, alongside the Seabrook Nuclear Plant providing significant electricity. The White Mountain National Forest covers nearly 800,000 acres, preserving biodiversity and offering recreation.