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Taganrog is a city in the Rostov region, a port on the shore of
the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea (66 km from the regional center -
Rostov-on-Don), forms the urban district "City of Taganrog". It is
the westernmost city in the region.
Founded by Peter I in
1698. Taganrog became the first naval base in Russia, the first
Russian port on the open sea coast and the first city in Russia
built according to a regular plan.
In 1918, it was briefly
the seat of the People's Secretariat and the Central Executive
Committee of the Soviets of Ukraine (the government of the Ukrainian
Soviet Republic, in 1919 the Headquarters of Denikin, the
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia, was
located in Taganrog. It is included in the list of historical
settlements of Russia.
Population - 248 643 people. (2020).
On November 3, 2011, the city was awarded the honorary title
“City of Military Glory”, and in December 2015 the Bank of Russia
issued a coin dedicated to Taganrog in the “City of Military Glory”
coin series.
The city got its name from
the Taganiy Rog cape, on which it is located. For the first time
this name is found in the documents of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, in
the message of the Grand Duke Ivan III to the Taman prince Zakkaria
Gizolfi, a meeting with whom was scheduled "at the mouth of Miyush
and on Taigan." The date on the message is September 6, 1489.
This name is probably a combination of "tagan" (brazier or
tripod for cooking over an open fire) and "horn" (meaning "cape").
Another option may be the Turkic word toɣаn - falcon.
In the
documents of Peter's time, there are various variations of the name
- Trinity Fortress, Troitsk on Taganiem Rogu, Taganiy Rog,
Tagan-Rog, and the simplest combination is established - Taganrog.
The early period - from the V century. BC to V century AD
The
assumption that somewhere directly under Taganrog lies a very early
ancient Greek settlement, appeared in the 1930s. A storm collector
was being laid in the city, and shards of ancient Greek ceramics
fell from excavator buckets during dredging.
But no
archaeological work was carried out at that time. In the 1960s, a
group of Moscow archaeologists led by Professor V. Blavatsky tried
(partly to discover a Greek colony) to explore the Sea of Azov.
But in the end, she abandoned her plan: shallow, a lot of silt and
sand, no visibility. In addition, in the summer, in the heat, the
sea blooms.
Only at the beginning of the XXI century the
historical significance of this place was appreciated. The German
Archaeological Institute, together with the Russian State University
(now SFedU), launched the Taganrog project - long-term excavations
in the area of the old Stone Stairs.
By the layer of
ancient pre-Greek ceramics, archaeologists have determined that a
settlement on the site of today's Taganrog arose in the 9th-8th
centuries BC. And in the VII-VI centuries. BC e. (about a hundred
years) there was an ancient settlement of the Greeks, probably
Ionian. It disappeared, probably as a result of the Scythian raids.
Nowadays the settlement is completely absorbed and destroyed by the
sea. The settlement was partially studied by archaeologists from
fragments of ceramics, which can still be found on the shores of the
Sea of Azov, from the remains of a bronze casting production:
pieces of metallurgical slag, bronze arrowheads, well known from
Scythian antiquities. There is a hypothesis that the Taganrog
settlement was called Kremny (Greek Κρημνοὶ), mentioned by ancient
authors, and in particular by Herodotus. From the messages of
Herodotus about Kremny it is known that ships with Amazons moored to
the city harbor. This is how it is described in the IV book of the
History of Herodotus (IV, 110):
The Hellenes waged war
with the Amazons (the Scythians call the Amazons "eorpata", which in
Hellenic means male killers; "eor" means husband, and "pata" means
to kill). After the victorious battle at Fermodon, the Hellenes (as
the legend says) returned home in three ships, carrying with them
the number of Amazons they managed to capture alive. On the high
seas, the Amazons attacked the Hellenes and killed [all] the men.
However, the Amazons were not familiar with sailing and did not know
how to handle the rudder, sails and oars. After the men had been
killed, they ran along the waves and, driven by the wind, finally
landed at the Kremny on Lake Meotida. Flints are in the land of free
Scythians. Here the Amazons disembarked from their ships and began
to roam the neighborhood. Then they met a herd of horses and
captured it. Riding on these horses, they began to plunder the
Scythian land.
Scientists translate the name "Kremny" as
steep slopes, and the high bank of the Taganrog Cape fully
corresponds to this name. Analysis of archaeological finds allows us
to determine the period of existence of a Greek settlement from the
5th century. BC to V century - 10 centuries.
In addition to
the Taganrog settlement, in the 7th century BC. e. in the northern
Black Sea region there was only one Greek colony - Borisfen or
Borisfenida (ancient Greek Βορυσθενιδα, in honor of the god of the
Dnieper River), located on the Black Sea island of Berezan. Not far
from Taganrog is the ancient Greek city of Tanais, which existed in
the same period, until the 4th century AD.
A settlement on
the site of Taganrog also existed in those days when the lands of
the Azov region were part of the Khazar Kaganate. In 2005, during
excavations, scientists discovered an oven for baking bread from the
times of the Khaganate on the Taganrog embankment. The fact that at
that time there was a settlement here was not known to science
before.
Italian trading post
In 2004, archaeologists discovered finds indicating that in the
XII-XIV centuries, in the same place, in the area of the
embankment, galleys of Italian merchants were molested. They bought
sturgeon and black caviar in these places, in exchange they brought
barrels of wine, handicrafts, etc. The first map with the
designation of this trading point dates back to 1318. But the
location of this Genoese trading post, including due to the drop in
sea level at that time by 2 meters, could have changed - from the
Petrushina Spit to the mouth of the Sambek River.
The trade
was carried out in fish, furs, wood, grain and other goods. Houses,
warehouses, small fortifications were built to protect against the
raids of the Tatars and Turks, not only along the coast, but also on
the cape itself.
The Genoese and Venetians used the
convenient marina for over a century, until Italian trade in the
region dwindled in the middle of the 15th century.
According
to Taganrog legends, Tchaikovsky's house near the Stone Stairs was
built on the foundations of the former Genoese tower. The ruins of
this keep are recorded on the plans of Borgsdorf. The tower was
surrounded by an earthen rampart, was used by the Turks and was
called "Taganrog" by them.
Founding of Taganrog (late 17th -
mid-18th century)
In 1696, after the capture of the Turkish
fortress of Azov by the Russian troops (during the 2nd Azov
campaign), by order of Peter I, surveys and work began on the
construction of a harbor and a fortress on Cape Taganiy Rog. Azov is
located on the banks of the Don River, and the fleet, if kept in
Azov, will not be able to pass the Don arm because of the shallow
water. Therefore, Peter the Great decided to build a port on the sea
coast so that ships could enter it without hindrance.
Engineer Laval, who had previously led the fortification of Azov,
laid a trench on the Petrushina Spit. The next year, the Pushkarsky
order removed Laval and decided to build a fortress at the mouth of
the Miussky estuary (the future Semyonovskaya fortress). These works
were already supervised by Baron Ernest von Borgsdorf, Reingold
Truzin and the Dane Yuri Frank. But this decision was also
recognized as not entirely correct and the work was moved to the
place of the present Taganrog.
On September 12, 1698, the
Pushkar Order decreed:
"The berths of the sea caravan for the
ships according to inspection and drawing, which was sent by the
hand of the Italian land of Captain Matvey Simunt, to be at Taganrog
..."
This date is considered to be the official day of the
founding of Taganrog, originally called the Trinity-on-Tagan Rog.
Taganrog was a border enclave located far to the south of the
territory of the state. Up to 15 thousand temporary workers were
sent annually to equip it.
The construction of the harbor was
carried out under the leadership of the engineer-captain Matvey
Simont, the fortress construction was headed by the "city engineer"
- the Swede Reingold Truzin. The first plan of the fortress was
drawn up by Ernst Friedrich Borgsdorf, an Austrian baron, a military
civil engineer. In 1698-1699. he was the chief superintendent of the
fortress.
The Trinity Fortress was a segment of the territory
of the tip of a high cape, enclosed by an 8 m high earthen rampart
and a moat 5 m deep and 40 m wide. The total length is 3 km. In the
center of the fortress (along the axis of the present Chekhov
Street) the rampart reached, approximately, the present Nekrasovsky
Lane. The sides of the shaft rested against the cliffs. The ramparts
were built with three bastions, two half-bastions, three ravelins
equipped with cannons and howitzers. There were more than 200 guns
in the fortress and harbor. There were 2 gates in the fortress - the
eastern Moscow and western Morskie, and the central General's
Square. Residential buildings behind the fortress wall - a forstadt
of several settlements - were built at a great distance, behind the
explanaade.
Inside the fortress, along the rampart, powder
magazines were dug, casemates and barracks were arranged. Inside the
territory of the fortress had a radial-beam layout, united by a
central square. On the square were built: the sovereign's courtyard,
Trinity Church, city chambers, houses for ordinary people,
warehouses, a bazaar with shops, taverns, wells. At one time the
famous master Osip Startsev, a representative of the "Moscow
Baroque", worked as an architect in the city. There were more than
100 stone houses.
The fortress garrison consisted of 4
regiments. Due to poor living conditions, epidemics occurred several
times in the city. In 1705, the tsar's decree on shaving beards and
wearing a European caftan reached the Trinity Fortress. To reduce
the costs of soldiers, the caftans were sewn from the supplies of
cloth available in the fortress, but everyone had to shave off their
beards.
The harbor was built on the high seas. Shallow water, and this
simplified the task. The width of the harbor was 370 meters,
breakwaters with bastions protected from waves and a possible enemy.
The entrance to the harbor was defended by the "Turtle" fort, built
on a man-made island. The structure of its breakwaters and
foundations, installed on a sandbank two kilometers from the coast,
was the most advanced at that time and was first used in Russia.
Wooden boxes with stones were laid between the rows of oak piles
driven into the seabed. In total, during the creation of the harbor,
more than 30,000 piles were driven in and over 50,000 m³ of stones
were laid. Warehouses and port facilities were built along the
harbor.
The fortress and the harbor were connected by several
slopes, of which only one has survived - the Flagman.
Matvey
Simont, one of the main organizers of the construction, an Italian
captain in the Russian service, reported to Moscow:
“In the
summer of 1705, from September to the 1st, Havana was built in
Troitskoye.”
German General Christopher Hermann Manstein
wrote in his Notes on Russia:
“... He (Peter I) built a
beautiful harbor on the Sea of Azov in the area called Taganrog,
named by him Trinity, in which the ships, having passed without
cargo through the mouth of the Don, under the Azov were finally
armed and could stand completely safely. Everyone who has seen this
harbor will confess that it is one of the best harbors in Europe. "
For better protection of Troitsk, the first defense ring was
erected, which included the Pavlovsk fortress (its ramparts are
still preserved on the outskirts of the Gaevka farm) at the mouth of
the Mius and the Turtle fortress (currently located under the dumps
of a metallurgical plant). An earthen Petrovsky shaft was erected
between them. At the confluence of the Miussky estuary into the sea,
near the Beglitskaya spit, the Semyonov fortress was built. In the
fortresses and fortifications of this defensive line, garrisons were
located, and along the eastern bank of the Miussky estuary - between
the Pavlovsk and Semyonovsk fortresses, 500 families of Don Cossacks
were settled, which made up the Taganrog Cossack regiment. These
works were supervised by the future General-Admiral Fyodor Apraksin.
Peter I wrote to the Governor of the Trinity Fortress I.A.Tolstoy:
“Please, in that, from which, God forbid, under the present
hours, be careful to inflict, both in Azov, and especially in
Tagan-Rog, to the defense of that place. Himself, Your Grace, we
know what Taganrog is like for the Turks. "
Taganrog is the
first city in the history of Russia built according to a
pre-developed master plan. Taganrog harbor is the first in the
world, built not in a natural bay, but on the open sea. Catherine
II, in her correspondence with the philosopher and educator
Voltaire, mentioned that Peter I had long considered the possibility
of transferring the Russian capital to Taganrog. This is how the
first Taganrog historiographer P.P. Filevsky writes about it:
“Catherine wrote a letter to Voltaire, in which she boasted
about the construction of Azov and Taganrog, which Sultan Mustafa
did not like very much. Empress Voltaire did not write about
Taganrog; two years later, on March 3, 1771, she informed Voltaire
that Peter the Great could not decide for a long time whether to
give preference to Taganrog or Petersburg. "
To finally
abandon plans to transfer the capital to Taganrog, Peter,
apparently, forced the Prut Peace of 1711, according to which
Taganrog was subject to destruction.
Starting from August
1696, for the development of new lands, by a number of nominal royal
decrees, the Azov region turns into one of the largest places of
exile in Russia "for eternal life." In 1699, the first penal
servitude in the history of Russia was established in the Azov
region, and Taganrog became its center. Both officials and
clergymen, as well as people from the nobility were sentenced to
exile in the Azov region. Captive Turks and Tatars were also sent to
Taganrog, and with the outbreak of the Northern War, Swedes and
residents of the Baltic region were in large numbers. A significant
group consisted of the Cossacks of Slobodskaya Little Russia, who
were settled on the Mius River to guard the approaches to Taganrog
from the Crimea.
In 1708, during the Bulavinsky uprising,
additional military units were sent to Taganrog for protection, and
the rebels did not dare to storm the city.
In the winter and
spring of 1709, Peter I was now in Voronezh, then in Azov or
Taganrog, which were strengthened in case of an attack by the Turks
and Crimeans. Before his departure from Taganrog to Poltava, where
the decisive battle with the Swedes was planned, Peter wrote to A.D.
Menshikov:
“This place, which before ten years an empty field
was seen (about which he himself sved), now, with the help of God, a
hefty city, bought with a harbor, has been found, and although,
where the owner has not been for a long time, and not everything is
in order, but there is something to see ".
At that time, a strong fleet was based in the Taganrog harbor,
the core of which was the 70-gun battleship "Sleeping Lion", 58-gun
"Goto-Predestination" and 60-gun "Epee" (or "Degen"), 50-gun
"Hercules" "," Scorpion "," Lastka "and" Uniya ", 30-40-gun"
Vilkelchag "," Dolphin "," Hedgehog "," Mercury "and" Connection ".
In honor of the completion of the construction of the harbor,
shipyard and city, emphasizing the special merits of Matvey Simont,
Peter on May 23, 1709 ordered Admiral F.M. Apraksin to make a
commemorative medal:
"Please order Matvey Simontov to make a
gold coin with stones at the price of one hundred and three, and on
one side so that there was our person, and on the other - the local
havana and the signature here, which was given to him for the labors
of havana."
In a response report sent on June 2, 1709 from
Moscow, F.M. Apraksin reports:
"Coin Matvey Simontov with the
person of Your Majesty, and on the other side with the inscription
of the harbor and with the signing by decree, I will order to do it
immediately, and when I do, I will send it immediately to Your
Majesty."
This medal, known in a significant number of
copies, was oval in shape, with an eyelet. On its obverse, Peter I
was indeed depicted, and on the reverse side - a plan of the
fortress and harbor of Taganrog, the date "1709" and the inscription
"FOR THE HARBOR'S BUSINESS TO CAPTAIN MATVEY SIMONTOV" ...
In
different periods of the creation of Taganrog and the Azov flotilla,
the construction of harbors and fortresses, admirals F. Ya.Lefort,
F.M. Apraksin, P.P.Bredal, F.A.Golovin, F.A.Klokachev, A.N.
Senyavin, K. I. Kruis, V. Ya. Chichagov, Ya. F. Sukhotin, D. N.
Senyavin, future commander Vitus Bering, future admiral FF Ushakov
and many thousands of officers and sailors.
In 1711, after
the failure of the Prut campaign, under the terms of the already
mentioned Prut peace treaty, Russia undertook to destroy the harbor
and the city. At first, civilians left the city - about 7,000
people.
“As if I’m not writing with my own hand,” Peter
informed Apraksin, “the Turks need to be satisfied… Taganrog should
be ravaged as wide as possible, however, without damaging the
foundation, for God may do otherwise”.
The fortifications
were partially destroyed in the presence of Turkish representatives,
and there is no information about the harbor in any reports. This
was done by February 1712. And then the garrison left - about 1000
soldiers with guns and supplies were redeployed to a fortress near
Cherkassk (now the village of Starocherkasskaya), to Khoperskaya,
Tavrovskaya and Novo-Pavlovsk fortresses.
It was decided to
sell the Azov ships to Turkey, but she agreed to buy only 4 of them,
which sailed to Istanbul, and the rest of the fleet was burned as
unnecessary. The Turkish military partially blew up the remaining
Taganrog fortifications.
For 24 years after that, the Azov
region was ruled by the Turks. If they tried to strengthen Azov,
then the fortifications of Taganrog were completely abandoned by the
Turks.
Restoration of Taganrog under Catherine II
During
the reign of Empress Anna Ioannovna, on June 30, 1736, during the
Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739, Azov was again taken by the troops
of Field Marshal Lassi. This was the result of the siege of the
city, which lasted just over a month. Withdrew to Russia and
Taganrog. The restoration of the fortress began immediately. But as
a result of the conclusion by Austria (an ally of Russia) of a
separate peace with the Turks, according to the Belgrade Peace
Treaty of 1739 (which ended this war), all the restored work to
strengthen Taganrog again had to be stopped, although the territory
remained with Russia. Also, according to the Belgrade Peace, Russia
did not have the right to have a military and commercial fleet in
the south, and trade in the Black and Azov Seas could be conducted
exclusively on Turkish ships.
During this period, there was a
customs post in Taganrog, and Turkish merchant ships came. For
example, in 1746 - 17 ships. A quarantine house and warehouses for
goods were set up for them.
And only after the victorious
Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. Russia has finally returned this
land to itself. The Trinity Fortress was quickly restored on the old
foundations, and the harbor became the base for the newly created
Azov flotilla. Brigadier Dezhederas became the first commandant of
the restored fortress.
In the corresponding decree (November
9, 1769), Catherine II ordered:
“We are giving the Taganrog
harbor completely to the department of Vice-Admiral Senyavin in
order to put it in such a state that it could serve as a refuge for
ships, and for building these, and even more so galleys and other
ships ... and so that in the future campaign of 1770 the flotilla
could already winter in this ... "
In a personal letter to
A.N.Senyavin, the Empress specifies the tasks for 1770:
“The
main subject of next year on the Sea of Azov, it seems, should be
for the closure of the newly established fortresses, in order to
make an attack on Kerch and Taman and take possession of these
fortresses, in order to get the sound (strait) of the Black Sea in
our hands, and then our ships will freely cruise to the very
Tsaregrad Canal and to the mouth of the Danube. "
The Taganrog Fortress was restored according to the project of R.
N. Tomilov. Under him, a shipyard and an admiralty were formed. At
the end of April 1771, A.N.Senyavin informs the president of the
Admiralty Collegium, Count I.G. Chernyshev:
“With all my
boredom and annoyance that the fleet is not yet ready, Your
Excellency, imagine my pleasure to see from an 87-foot height in
front of the harbor (Yes, where is it? In Taganrog!) Ships under the
military Russian imperial flag, which since the time of Peter the
Great ... have not been seen here. "
And at the end of May
1771 under the command of Senyavin there were already 21 ships with
450 guns and 3300 crew members. In June, the Azov flotilla supported
the capture of Perekop, the fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale,
repulsed the attempts of the Turkish fleet to block the advance of
the Russians along the eastern coast of the Crimea, and provided
other actions for the army of General V. M. Dolgorukov. In the same
year, the flotilla moved from Taganrog to Kerch, and the
construction of warships was moved to Kherson. Taganrog turned into
a merchant port city. After the founding of Sevastopol in 1783,
Taganrog lost its military and strategic importance. On February 10,
1784, Catherine II sent a personal decree to the Yekaterinoslav and
Tauride Governor-General Prince Grigory Potemkin, in which she
commanded:
"The city of Taganrog, the fortress of Saints
Elisabeth and others, which lie along the old and new lines, from
now on will not be honored as fortresses, remaining within the
boundaries of the State."
The fortress was abolished, and
Taganrog received the status of a city, but it was still led by the
commandant of the force of 3 battalions. Taganrog becomes the
largest commercial port of the Russian Empire. In 1770 the Taganrog
Commercial Assembly was founded. Numerous transport slopes are being
built from the city to the commercial harbor - Gradonachalnichesky
in 1774, Bolshaya Birzhevaya in 1706, Banny, etc., and by 1808 there
were already 14.
In 1778, the famous bell was cast from the
copper of captured Turkish guns in Taganrog, which was transferred
to Sevastopol in 1803 and even visited Notre Dame Cathedral.
In 1779, a large party of Greek immigrants arrived in Taganrog,
mainly merchants and the military. Merchants began to populate and
equip the street closest to the port - now st. Greek, and the
military were stationed near the city - now with. Greek companies,
headquartered in the city. In 1784, the Deanery Administration was
organized in Taganrog - a police apparatus that replaced the
military commandant's office.
The development of the city was
also facilitated by its proximity to agricultural areas. There was
trade in wheat (the "Taganrog" durum wheat variety was famous all
over the world, and in Italy it was considered the best for making
pasta), flax, pressed caviar, hemp. Consulates of 15 states were
opened in Taganrog - Belgium, Great Britain, Greece, Denmark, Italy,
the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Persia, Turkey, Sweden and other
powers.
In 1802, Taganrog became the center
of the Taganrog district, and the police and merchants' navigation
of Rostov-on-Don, Nakhichevan and Mariupol are subordinate to it. In
1803 A. A. Dashkov was appointed the first mayor and military
governor of Taganrog. He improved the city administration, achieved
independence from the provincial center.
In 1805, the
Taganrog customs district was formed, which included the Berdyansk
and Kerch customs, the Mariupol and Rostov outposts and the coast
guard.
In 1806, the first full-fledged educational
institution, the Alexander Gymnasium, was formed in Taganrog. In the
same year, the "Prison Castle" was built, the building of which has
been preserved and is still used for its intended purpose - now it
is a pre-trial detention center. Taganrog became the first city in
the Russian Empire, where a commercial court was introduced in 1808.
The first chairman was appointed Art. Councilor Shaufus.
The
municipal economy at this time was governed by two magistrates -
Russian and Greek. An attempt in 1808 by the mayor BB Kampenhausen
to hold elections to the City Duma was unsuccessful due to the
Greeks' refusal to participate in the elections. As a result, the
Ministry of Internal Affairs explained that the mayor will be in
charge of the city's revenues and expenses.
The Nikolskaya
Fair, which has been held since the beginning of the 19th century,
was an important event in the city's trade life.
In 1810, the
construction of the Orthodox Church of All Saints began at the city
cemetery. This is the only church from the time of the Empire that
has survived in Taganrog to this day. In the same year, the Catholic
Church of the Most Holy Trinity was built. Its building has been
partially preserved.
In 1812, the Taganrog merchants donated
9100 rubles and another 800 rubles from other residents to fight
Napoleon.
In 1815, the Dubki grove was transferred to the use
of Taganrog and its residents. They began to build dachas in it, to
use the townspeople for walks. The grove was connected with the city
by Staro-Pochtovaya Street.
In 1818, Emperor Alexander I visited Taganrog, examined it and
forbade the leadership of the Novorossiysk Territory to demand a ban
on foreign merchant ships from entering the city.
On May 30,
1820 in Taganrog, on his way to the Caucasus, A.S. Pushkin stayed.
He spent the night in the former house of the mayor P. A. Papkov.
Five years later, on November 19, 1825, in this house (corner of
Grecheskaya St., 40 and Nekrasovsky (Dvortsovy) lane), Emperor
Alexander I died. Later, the first Russian memorial museum of
Emperor Alexander the Blessed was opened in the house.
In
1823, the famous Stone Staircase was built. In the same year,
Elizavetinsky Park was founded (at the end of the modern Smirnovsky
Lane).
In 1827, the first theater in the south of Russia was
opened in Taganrog.
In 1830-33, there were again cholera
epidemics in Taganrog, more than 300 people died. Later, cholera
regularly visited Taganrog.
In 1831, the City Duma was
formed, consisting of 6 vowels, with subordination not to the
provincial authorities, but directly to the Senate.
In 1849
an embankment and a descent were arranged for commercial purposes,
which were named Vorontsovskys.
During the Crimean War of
1853-1856. the defense of Taganrog was led by General I.I.Krasnov,
at that time the marching chieftain of the Don army. In May 1855,
the Anglo-French squadron entered the Sea of Azov, trying to
deprive the Russian army in the Crimea of its rear bases. The
squadron bombarded Taganrog and tried to land troops. By that time,
Taganrog was not a fortress, and there was not a single weapon in
it, but the Taganrog garrison half-battalion repulsed the enemy's
landing. During the landing operation near Taganrog, the Cossacks
destroyed the grounded gunboat Jasper. In August, the Anglo-French
squadron, having stopped unsuccessful attempts to take Taganrog,
left the Sea of Azov.
The war did not interfere with
further trade, and in 1856, 1123 ships came to the Taganrog port.
They were loaded with pressed caviar - 13.338 pounds, red caviar -
11.238 pounds, fat 51.987 pounds, wool - 4.717 pounds, butter -
19.610 pounds, wheat - 653.490 quarters, rye - 6.570 quarters,
linseed - 18.484 quarters.
The catch of fish in Taganrog in
1857 amounted to 207,476 rubles: sturgeon - 7,017 poods, beluga -
3003 poods, chebak - 22,810 poods, as well as catfish, rams, carp,
sula, etc.
Taganrog continued to grow, so in 1863 the Emperor
approved a plan for its further orderly development. In the same
year, a public bank was established in Taganrog.
In the same
1863, the 136th Taganrog Infantry Regiment was formed, and the
women's school was transformed into a gymnasium, which received the
name "Mariinsky" 5 years later. The streets of the city began to be
covered with cobblestones.
Since 1866, an Italian opera
troupe has performed at the Taganrog Theater, and an Italian
orchestra has played in the City Garden in the summer.
In
1868, a branch of the State Bank was opened in Taganrog, and the
women's gymnasium was named Mariinsky. Taganrog was the center of
power and trade for the whole region. According to different
competences, he was subject to the territories from Berdyansk to
Azov.
In 1868, Taganrog was connected by railway with
Kharkov, and in 1870 with Rostov-on-Don. In the Imperial Decree the
road was called Kursk-Kharkov-Taganrog.
In the same year,
according to the city reform, a new City Duma of 72 vowels and a
City Government of 5 vowels of the City Duma were formed. The City
Duma was in charge of improvement issues - street lighting, repair
of buildings and pavements, garbage disposal, development of local
trade, industry, health care, etc. It also collected local taxes on
all these activities. The mayor was elected from among the vowels
and approved by the governor.
In 1870 in Taganrog the plant
of the "Society of Water Supply and Gas Lighting" started operating
under the direction of the Frenchman Desman. Thin gas pipelines were
run from the factory to the lanterns on the central streets, and gas
burners were installed instead of kerosene lamps. More than 500 gas
lanterns were installed, but they never replaced the kerosene ones.
Illuminated gas burners and shops, public houses. Even the
musicians' music stands in the city theater were illuminated by gas
shades.
In 1872, there were 1,087 merchants in Taganrog,
among whom there were 334 Russians, 242 Jews, 481 Greeks and 30
Germans.
In 1873, the building of the city theater was bought
by the city for 46,100 rubles.
In 1874 nautical classes were
opened.
In 1876 (to 1899), the 47th reserve artillery brigade
of 6 batteries was stationed in Taganrog. Artillery lanes are now
located on the site of the training ground and barracks.
In 1877, an electric lighthouse was built over the port.
In 1881, the iron foundry "Reed Toder & Co." began operating in the
city.
In 1882 the Yacht Club was opened, but then it was
located opposite the Stone Stairs.
In 1888 Taganrog was
reassigned from the Yekaterinoslav province, and became the center
of the Taganrog District of the Oblast of the Army of the Don
Russian Empire, formed from the former Taganrog city administration,
part of the Rostov district and the abolished Miussky district.
In the 19th century, the city was a center of trade; from that
time, interesting mansions of Italian and Greek merchants have
survived. Homeland of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, F. G. Ranevskaya, K.
A. Savitsky, D. M. Sinodi-Popov, V. Ya. Parnakh, S. Ya. Parnok. At
the end of the 19th century, industry began to develop in Taganrog,
thanks to Albert Nev, a metallurgical and boiler plant were built, a
machine-building plant and two tanneries also worked in the city.
In April 1897, a cinematography session took place in Taganrog
for the first time. According to the General Census, more than
51,000 people lived in the city.
In 1898, the city Museum of
Local Lore was created.
City revenues for this period were
formed by taxes on trade and imported goods and increased from 105
rubles to 290 thousand rubles. This money was spent on the
improvement of the city, the purchase of buildings for schools and
institutions, on the maintenance of the police, firefighters, etc.
In 1906, a Commercial School was opened, and the
number of primary schools reached 12, one of them was the Higher
Primary (progymnasium).
In 1908, the first power plant was
built in Taganrog for the needs of industry, and soon electricity
began to be supplied to public and residential buildings.
In
1911, the Alekseevskaya female gymnasium was opened, as well as the
Banker's house of Davidovich, now known as the Taganrog post office.
During the First World War, a part of the Russian-Baltic plant
producing agricultural machinery was transferred to Taganrog (later,
the Taganrog combine plant was opened at its production facilities).
In 1916, an aviation plant was opened by an aviator-entrepreneur
Lebedev.
In 1916, Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky worked in
Taganrog. First, at the Neu-Wilde boiler plant, which belonged to a
Belgian joint-stock company, and then at an oil mill as a
locksmith's assistant.
On March 3, 1917, a message about the
abdication of Nicholas II was delivered to Taganrog, and on March 5,
the City-wide Administrative Committee of the Provisional Government
was created. On March 7, a citywide Council of Workers' Deputies was
formed.
On August 1, the new composition of the City Duma
began its work. Of the 82 selected vowels, 59 were Social
Revolutionaries. P. Nikolsky headed the Duma.
In October, the
Soviet of Workers 'Deputies creates factory workers' squads, and the
city government creates a civil guard.
Civil War
On
October 26, in Taganrog, information was received about the events
in Petrograd, and the joint meeting of the Duma and the Council
called on the townspeople to maintain order and prepare for the
elections to the Constituent Assembly.
On November 11, 1917,
martial law was introduced in Taganrog by the Don Ataman Kaledin,
and on November 19-21 elections to the Constituent Assembly were
held. In Taganrog, the Social Revolutionaries won again.
In
December 1917 - January 1918, Colonel A.P. Kutepov was the head of
the Taganrog garrison.
On January 13, 1918, the funeral of
the murdered worker turned into a political demonstration.
On
January 14, martial law was declared in the city. The Workers'
Guards were forbidden to patrol the city with weapons. On January
16, train traffic stopped and an employee strike began.
On
January 17, 1918, street battles between workers' detachments and
the civil guard began in Taganrog, in which more than 200 people
died, including the 3rd Kiev school of warrant officers. The City
Duma tried to stop the fighting, but to no avail. Soviet power was
established in the city.
In the winter of 1917-1918, General
Pavel Karlovich Rennenkampf, a prominent military leader of the
imperial army, was hiding in Taganrog under the assumed name of a
Greek subject Mandusaki (Mandusakis). After refusing to join the Red
Army, General Rennenkampf was arrested by the Cheka, tortured and
shot (April 1, 1918). According to the "red" version, the
64-year-old retired general was shot for his active participation in
suppressing the revolution of 1905-1906. The grave of General
Rennenkampf is located in the old Taganrog cemetery. Her location
has not been established, but photographs of her from 1919 are kept
in the Hoover Archives. The collection of Chinese art collected by
Rennenkampf is currently in the Taganrog Museum of Local Lore.
At the beginning of 1918, the city became part of the
Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic. In the spring of 1918, the
Bolshevik government of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic (which
included the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic) was evacuated to
the city from Yekaterinoslav. Thus, in March-April, Taganrog was the
capital of Soviet Ukraine (government in exile). The Central
Committee of the Czechoslovak Internationalists, which published the
Svoboda newspaper, which was edited by Yaroslav Hasek, was also in
Taganrog.
During the civil war in 1917-1919, the Ukrainian
People's Republic claimed the city. May 1, 1918, breaking under Art.
Martsevo city militia, German troops entered Taganrog - the 20th
Landwehr Division. Power in the city was subordinated to the German
commandant von Gültlingen. In Taganrog, a parade of German troops
took place, which was received by Field Marshal von Eichhorn.
A wave of anti-Bolshevik terror swept through the city. In June,
the Red Army troops landed to liberate the city, but they were
defeated.
The Taganrog delegation visited Skoropadsky in Kiev
with the aim of incorporating the city into the Ukrainian state, but
to no avail. In turn, the ataman of the Great Don Army, General
Krasnov, asked the German Emperor Wilhelm II for help in resolving
the dispute between Ukraine and the VVD over Taganrog and its
district in favor of the Don army, which, according to Krasnov,
owned the Taganrog district for more than 500 years and for of which
the Taganrog District is part of Tmutarakan.
As a result, on
August 7, between Ukraine and the Don government, through the
mediation of the German command, an agreement on mutual borders was
concluded, according to which the Taganrog district remained behind
the region of the Great Don Host.
From May 1918 to April
1919, a recruiting center of the Volunteer Army operated in the
city, which carried out work on the territory of
Taganrog-Mariupol-Berdyansk and sent 400 officers and 3500 soldiers
to the troops. The center also conducted reconnaissance, established
contacts with political parties, entrepreneurs, and officer
organizations. Colonel M.I.Stempel headed its work.
German
troops left Taganrog in December 1918. They were replaced by the VVD
and the Volunteer Army. The church life of the city and its environs
was united under the leadership of Bishop Arseny (Smolensk) of
Priazovsky and Taganrog, and the restored Tserkovnye Vedomosti
newspaper was published.
From August to December 1919, the
Headquarters of General Denikin - the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of
the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, a Special Meeting under the
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Russia, as well as tank
and aviation schools of the Volunteer Army were located in Taganrog.
The city housed missions of military representatives of foreign
powers, as well as consular missions of 11 European states.
The Taganrog garrison at that time consisted of more than 1000
bayonets - a garrison company, sea, sapper and hydro aviation
battalions, which, taking into account the officers and soldiers of
the Headquarters and allied missions, turned the city streets into
an endless defile of a wide variety of uniforms and shoulder straps.
The work of the Taganrog plants was resumed - the production of
pipes resumed at the metallurgical plant, and the heavy
self-propelled guns were produced at the boiler house, ahead of
European technical thought. On the Bullock-Lombard chassis,
recoilless naval guns were installed, around which an armored cabin
made of boiler iron 10 mm thick was attached. 6 self-propelled guns
were manufactured.
Taganrog port in the Civil War in 1918-20
alternately served as a base for the ships of the Azov military
flotilla of both warring parties.
On December 30, the
retreating White Guards left the city without a fight. The City Duma
assumed power in the city and, having formed an armed detachment of
volunteers, stopped the pogroms and violence that began in the city.
On January 6, 1920, during the Rostov-Novocherkassk operation, units
of the Red Army entered the city - the 9th Rifle Division of the 8th
Army and the 11th Kav. a division of the 1st Cavalry Army, supported
by 2 armored trains - seizing large trophies of military property,
and Soviet power was established in Taganrog. In Taganrog, the Red
Army captured 19 tanks - the largest number of tanks in the entire
Civil War. These were tanks from the School of British Tanks and
undergoing repairs at the Neuve Wilde plant.
In 1920-1924 Taganrog is part of the Ukrainian SSR.
In 1923, a water supply system was first put into operation in
Taganrog. Initially, in the form of water points on the streets, and
then they began to supply water to houses.
According to the
1926 census, Ukrainians in the city of Taganrog accounted for 34.6%
of the total population, Russians - 55.2%, but in the entire
Taganrog district, Ukrainians constituted an absolute majority -
71.5%, Russians - only 21.9%. Since 1937, the city has been part of
the Rostov Region.
Since the 1920s, industry has developed rapidly in the city.
In the 1930s, several buildings in the constructivist style were
built in Taganrog - the Metalworkers' Club (now the Palace of
Youth), the round house (107 Aleksandrovskaya St.), the Oktyabr
cinema.
In 1932, rails were laid along the streets of the
city and trams began to move. Route 1 connected the Center with the
Baltic and aviation plants.
In 1937, in Taganrog and
Mariupol, there were mass arrests of the Greeks-Rumei
In
1939-1941, the Taganrog military school of pilots operated in
Taganrog.
Taganrog during the Great Patriotic War of
1941-1945.
Occupation and the "new order"
In August 1941, a
people's militia was created in Taganrog, residents were sent to dig
trenches and anti-tank ditches, including senior schoolchildren,
since in mid-September, classes at schools stopped. Most of the
equipment from the city factories was evacuated to the rear, and
residents were also evacuated. The metallurgical plant was
transported to Kamensk-Uralsky, the ship repair plant to
Krasnovodsk, and the boiler plant to Zlatoust.
At the same
time, due to poorly organized evacuation and the capture by the
enemy of the railway to Rostov-on-Don, a lot of equipment remained
at the factories. At the Boiler Plant, for example, powerful
pressing equipment, 100 machine tools and 1,000 tons of sheet armor
were left. All this then went to the Wehrmacht.
From October
12, battles unfolded near the city. Defending Taganrog, several
infantry units perished, as well as 3 armored trains and the 66th
Cavalry Division. On October 17, 1941 Taganrog was captured by the
Wehrmacht.
German tanks, having broken through the defenses
of the Taganrog garrison in the area of the present Severny
settlement, rushed to the port, and from the height of the cliff
from the lighthouse they shot at the ships in the port, which was
hastily loaded with people and equipment. The ships were damaged and
many people died. Only one boat was able to escape from the port. In
the next few days, the Taganrozhites left the city secretly in
fishing boats, crossing to Yeisk and Azov.
Soviet prisoners
of war were gathered on the territory of the former military unit
(now the Raduga market) and were used by the German authorities at
work, some of the wounded Red Army soldiers were in city hospitals.
After the occupation of the city, German soldiers found 6 of
their scouts who disappeared on October 13, dead in the building of
the city NKVD with traces of torture. Upon learning of this, the
Leibstandarte brigade commander gave the order not to take prisoners
for 3 days. This case figured at the Nuremberg trials as evidence of
war crimes.
Before the war, more than 190 thousand people
lived in Taganrog, at the beginning of the occupation - about 140
thousand. During the occupation, a burgomaster worked in the city,
exercising civil power (more than 600 employees), police (more than
500 employees), a local history museum, a Chekhov house-museum, a
theater (130 people), two brothels, a city (754 regular readers as
of July 1943 g.) and a children's library, 8 schools, a park, tram
traffic was restored, the newspaper "Novoe Slovo" was published - in
December 1941 a circulation of 2,000 copies, and in August 1943
already 12,000 copies.
According to modern researchers, in
Taganrog “a kind of model” of a new occupation “order”, unique for
the region, has emerged. Even the clock on 12/20/1941 was moved 1
hour back to Berlin time.
The power station was restored,
partly the water supply. The factories were restored, but mainly for
the repair of German military equipment. Food was given out to the
population by cards - 600 gr. bread for workers, 200 gr. - to
dependents, the norms changed, sometimes fish and vegetables were
added. There was a curfew.
In January 1942, 9761 people
worked at the enterprises of the city, and in March - more than 14
thousand. In 1942-43. about 27 thousand people were taken to Germany
for forced labor.
With the permission of the German
commandant, a new temple was opened in Taganrog, a monument to Peter
the Great was moved and solemnly erected at the central entrance to
the city park.
At the same time, the fascists took out or
stolen from the Taganrog local history museum 4,624 items - ancient
icons, weapons, paintings by famous artists, and its director
Bazilevich was shot. During the occupation, a large anti-fascist
youth secret organization, the Taganrog underground, operated in the
city. Soviet historians estimated the composition of the underground
at 600 people, German investigators at 150 people. There were other
groups, for example, high school students from the 15th school, who
collected weapons and posted leaflets. They were captured and shot.
During the occupation of the city, the Taganrog orphanage was
turned by the German authorities into a donor center, where children
were used for blood transfusions to German officers. As the front
line approached, the Germans transported the orphanage to the
Ukrainian village of Velyka Lepetiha, where they continued to
torture the little prisoners.
On October 29, 1941, the
extermination of Jews took place under the leadership of the
Ortskomandant of the city Major Alberti, his deputy Captain Ehrlich,
the head of the Gestapo SS Obersturmbannfuehrer Schulze with the
active participation of local police (Police Chief Yu.V. Kirsanov,
Chief of the Political Department of the Police A.M. Petrov , the
head of the district police department B. Stoyanov and others) on
Petrushina spit ("Death's Balka") on the western outskirts of the
city (the Dimitrov plant) They were shot on the very first two days
(on the very first day at least 2-3 thousand people), in the
following days, Jews who did not appear were caught and killed
there.
The people of Taganrozh openly hated the Nazis, which
is why Commandant Major Alberti issued order No. 27 of January 20,
1942 with the following words: “When young people meet, they do not
give way to the ranks of the German army, while the soldiers of the
German army should enjoy full respect and attention. The population
is categorically forbidden to disrespect the ranks of the German
army, both officers and soldiers. "
On March 8, 1942, the
Taganrog offensive operation was carried out by the Red Army to
liberate the city. Infantry and tank units attacked the Nazis in the
direction of the village. Pokrovskoe and along the banks of the
river. Mius to Taganrog. The units suffered heavy losses, but could
not break through the enemy's defenses. In memory of those battles,
numerous monuments have been erected in the villages, the most
famous is "Anchor" at Matveyev-Kurgan.
In August 1942, the
Romanian king Mihai I visited Taganrog.
In February 1943, the
German command formed the Taganrog Cossack District of the Don
Cossack.
On April 17, 1943, by mistake, a squadron of Yak-1
fighters, the 291st Fighter Regiment of the Soviet Army, began to
land at the Taganrog airfield. 3 cars landed, 3 were shot down by
anti-aircraft fire, only 4 were able to fly back. The squadron
commander, captain A. Yegorov, who landed, and his deputy senior
lieutenant I. Edinarkhov refused to surrender and died in battle. By
order of the commander of the German garrison, General Recknagel,
the Germans buried the Russian heroes with military honors.
In the summer of 1943, the Soviet army undertook the Miuss offensive
to liberate Taganrog, but again failed to break through the enemy's
defenses.
On August 18, 1943, the last offensive to break
through the Mius Front began. A decisive throw from s. The
Kuibyshevo cavalry-mechanized group of 2 corps broke through the
enemy's defenses and in an arc reached the coast of the Azov Sea.
Semi-encircled German troops left Taganrog without a fight.
The occupation lasted 680 days and ended on August 30, 1943. Only
about 80 thousand people remained in the city.
Some of the
occupiers' accomplices were hanged by a military tribunal in
November 1943 at Bank Square.
Liberation
The city was
liberated from the Nazi German troops by the Soviet troops of the
Southern Front and the Black Sea Fleet during the Donbass operation.
On August 19, 1943, the 4th Guards Cavalry Corps of Lieutenant
General Nikolai Kirichenko and the 4th Mechanized Corps broke
through the German defensive line near Ambrosievka and by August 30,
near the village of Veselo-Voznesenovka, they reached the Sea of
Azov, cutting off the invaders' retreat from Taganrog. However, by
this time, the main forces of the German troops of the 111th
Infantry Division under the command of General Hermann Recknagel had
already safely left Taganrog.
On the night of August 30,
1943, the Taganrog naval landing was landed in the area of the
city by the forces of the Azov military flotilla. And on the
afternoon of August 30, units of the 130th division (Colonel
Konstantin Sychev) entered Taganrog, already abandoned by German
troops; part of the troops of the 1st Guards. fortified. district
(Colonel Pyotr Sakseev); units of the troops of the 416th str.
division (Colonel Dmitry Syzranov).
The partisan detachment
"Brave (Отважный)-2" (Alexander Guda) also took part in the
liberation of the city. The Germans left the city in advance, so
there was no street fighting in Taganrog.
In the afternoon of
August 30, German warships entered the roadstead of the Taganrog
port, having the task of picking up their military units from the
port, which may be there, and the civilian population wishing to
evacuate. But finding no one, the German ships left, sinking 2
Soviet armored boats.
The troops that took part in the liberation of the Rostov region
and the city of Taganrog, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
IV Stalin of August 30, 1943, declared gratitude and in the capital
of the USSR, Moscow, was given a salute with 12 artillery volleys
from 124 guns. This was the third salute to the liberation troops,
the first after the liberation of Orel and Belgorod, which received
the unofficial status of "cities of the first salute." Continuing
this row, Taganrog can be called the “city of the third fireworks”.
By order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I. V. Stalin, in
commemoration of the victory won, the formations that distinguished
themselves in the battles for the liberation of the Rostov region
and the city of Taganrog were named "Taganrog":
130th Infantry
Division (Colonel Sychev, Konstantin Vasilievich)
416th Infantry
Division (Colonel Syzranov, Dmitry Mikhailovich).
By order of
the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR I. V. Stalin, in
commemoration of the victory won, the formations and units that
distinguished themselves in the battles for the liberation of the
city of Mariupol were named "Taganrog":
6th Guards Bomber
Aviation Division (former 270th Air Force) (Colonel Grigory Chuchev)
134th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment (former 86th BAP) (Lieutenant
Colonel Fyodor Bely)
135th Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment
(former 284th BAP) (Lieutenant Colonel Dmitry Valentik).
Restoration of the destroyed economy of Taganrog
After the
liberation, the restoration of the destroyed city began. The
material damage caused to the city by the Nazis, who blew up some of
the enterprises during the retreat, amounted to 800 million rubles.
Quarters, the largest enterprises of the city, rose from the ruins.
In July 1944, the main shops of the metallurgical plant were
restored and put into operation. In the same year, the workers of
Taganrog collected 3 million 336 thousand rubles for the "Taganrog"
tank column. 17 T-34-85 tanks were purchased, which entered the 1st
battalion of the 52nd Guards Fastov tank brigade. On the turret of
each tank was the inscription "From the workers of Taganrog."
Received the name "Taganrog Pioneer" and the Pe-2 bomber operating
at the front.
Thousands of Taganrozh residents were drafted
into the army. More than 50 of them became Heroes of the Soviet
Union for their courage and heroism, many were awarded orders and
medals.
In 1945 boiler builders of Taganrog manufactured
boilers for Moscow, DneproGES, Donbass, Kuznetsk.
In
Taganrog, there was a camp for German prisoners of war No. 475,
which were used to restore the city's enterprises and build
residential buildings.
Taganrog in the post-war period
In
July 1947, the first self-propelled S-4 combine was assembled at the
Taganrog Combine Plant. In 1950, the pre-war level of production was
surpassed by 29%.
In the early 1960s. The country learned
about the launch at the Taganrog Metallurgical Plant of a unique
automated giant workshop for continuous furnace welding of pipes. At
the same time, a new product appeared at the combine plant - the
production of the self-propelled chassis SSh-75 "Taganrozhets"
began, and in the following years a new combine "Kolos" appeared.
With the development of industrial production, the construction
of residential complexes, cultural institutions, schools and
kindergartens was carried out. In Taganrog, the oldest Park of
Culture and Leisure named after M. Gorky, founded in 1806, was
awarded the title of "The best park in the country."
In 1955,
the football club "Torpedo" became the champion of the RSFSR, and
the rugby team "Raduga" in 1984 and 1985 won the championship and
the Cup of the RSFSR.
At that time, NM Krivun, a multiple
country and European champion in chess, lived and worked in
Taganrog.
In 1980, by the decree of the Council of Ministers
of the RSFSR, a museum-reserve was created in Taganrog, which united
238 historical monuments. The city has a large number of preserved
old mansions of the 18th-19th centuries, made in different
architectural styles, including provincial classicism, Empire (for
example, the Church of All Saints, Alexander's rows), modern
(Chekhov Library, Sharonov's mansion).
In 1997, the city of
Taganrog received the status of the municipal entity "City of
Taganrog", local government bodies, the city Duma of the city of
Taganrog and the Administration of the city of Taganrog, headed by
the Mayor, were created.
On October 30, 2002, Mayor S.I.Shilo
was killed in Taganrog.
On July 7, 2016, Mayor Vladimir
Prasolov was sentenced to 1 year in prison. He served his sentence
in full.
XXI Century
On November 3, 2011, by Decree No.
1459 of the President of the Russian Federation D. A. Medvedev, the
city of Taganrog was awarded the honorary title of the Russian
Federation "City of Military Glory" for courage, resilience and mass
heroism shown by the defenders of the city in the struggle for
freedom and independence of the Fatherland.
In 2016, Pavel
Taganrog was recognized as a general church saint of the Russian
Orthodox Church.