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Vorkuta (Komi Vukuta) is a city in the Komi Republic of the Russian Federation. Vorkuta is the fourth largest city in the northern Arctic Circle and the most eastern city in Europe. The city is located in the subarctic climate zone on the river of the same name, beyond the Arctic Circle, 900 kilometers from the republican center of Syktyvkar and 140 kilometers from the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Vorkuta is the third most populated city in Komi. It is a city of miners.
The main streets are Lenin and Moskovskaya. Square of the Peace should also be noted.
Moskovskaya and Lenina streets in the city, built up in the style of
classicism by the Leningrad school of architects, personify the urban
planning of the post-war five-year plans. At the same time, a number of
buildings were built, representing a milestone in the architecture of
Vorkuta.
According to the designs of V. N. Lunev, the House of
Political Education (1949) with a tower and a spire, a children's
hospital with three porticos (1950), and a cinema "Rodina" (1953) were
built; according to the projects of A. A. Polyakov - the Severnaya Hotel
(1952), the medical school (1953); according to the project of G.V.
Gontskevich - a mining technical school, the facade of which with
columns closes the prospect of st. Lenin.
In 1961, according to
the project of V. N. Lunev, a monumental building of the Miners' Palace
of Culture with Doric columns and sculptures was built on Mira Square.
The following buildings were highly acclaimed by the public:
Palace of Pioneers and Schoolchildren;
Palace of Creativity of the
Young (formerly), now - the Palace of Creativity of Children and Youth,
but among the people - still DTYu[45] (1967, architects: Vyshinsky A. D.
and Balakhonov O. E.);
club and sports complex (1973, architect -
Balakhonov O.E.);
the administrative building of the association
"Vorkutaugol" (1980; architect - A. I. Shipkov);
bank building
(architect V. A. Troshin).
The Universal Sports and Entertainment
Complex "Olimp" (1986, architect Martsynkevich) was created monumentally
and expressively, with high-quality, for its time, interiors of this
building.
Among the planning works, it is necessary to note the
general plan of the city of Vorkuta, developed in 1973 by the Moscow
"Giprogor" (architect G. Krasilnikov), the draft plan for the
Shakhtyorsky residential area, the Zhemchuzhina and Molodyozhny
districts, where, together with Moscow architects, they worked in full
force specialists from the Pechorniiproekt Institute and the Vorkuta
branch of the Komigrazhdanproekt Institute (architects: L. Bindasova, G.
Ilyashenko, V. Rachkovsky).
Monument
V.I. Lenin.
Monument S.M. Kirov.
Monument A.A. Chernov.
Mass grave of fighters for Soviet rule in the North.
"Vorkuta geological monument", located on the territory of Vorkuta,
on the right bank of the river. Vorkuta above the CHPP-1 dam. Rocky
outcrops of Lower Permian rocks, up to 4 m high. Length - 400 m. The
first coking coal outcrops discovered by G. A. Chernov. The security
regime is reserved.
"Mount Pemboi", a geological monument of nature,
the height of the hill is 421 m.
Complex reserve "Khrebtovy", created
in 1989, with an area of 4000 hectares.
"Vorkuta meadow monument"
includes sown meadows in the "Tupik" and "Seventh post" tracts of the
"Central" state farm of the "Vorkutaugol" association. Created by the
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the Komi ASSR dated March 29,
1984. Long-term meadows in the tract "Tupik" were established in two
areas in 1958 and 1972 after the development of the dwarf-moss tundra by
sowing meadow bluegrass and meadow foxtail. The total area of the
natural monument is 20 hectares. Security mode - custom.
The
Khalmer-Yu waterfall on the Khalmeryu River is one of the largest
waterfalls in the European part of Russia, located 25 km north of the
Khalmer-Yu village. The total height of the water fall is 10 m. A
natural monument protected by the state.
Waterfall Buredan on the
river Kara (Polar Urals). The waterfall is located 9 km below the mouth
of the Nerusoveyyakha River in the center of a two-kilometer canyon.
Marble Canyon on the Kara River.
The name of the city is given by the river Vorkuta, which is
translated from the Nenets language as "abundant with bears" (varkuta)
from Nenets. wark "bear". The transition in Russian from Varkuta to
Vorkuta is explained by two reasons. First of all, when perceiving a
foreign name, Russians could change “a” to “o” because of “akanya” (type
of dialect, hypercorrection). Also, the possibility of the transition of
the name of the city into Russian through the Komi language, where the
toponym sounds like Vӧrkuta, is not excluded, since the sound denoted by
the letter ӧ in Russian is transmitted by the letters “o”, “y” and “e”.
A resident of the city is called: vorkutians, vorkutyanin,
vorkutyanka; Vorkuta residents, Vorkutinets, Vorkutinka.
The fact that there is a “fire stone” in the Pechora Territory
has long been known. The first scientists who found coal in these
parts were T. S. Bornovolokov (1809), A. Dengin (1828), A. A.
Keyserling (1843), E. K. Hoffman (1847 .) and others, and the first
entrepreneur who, back in the 19th century (1867), wanted to put the
wealth of the North at the service of man, was the Russian
industrialist M.K. Sidorov, but at that time there were no funds for
this. The North has required and still requires considerable
investment in its development.
Later, the search for coal was
undertaken by A. V. Zhuravsky, D. D. Rudnev, N. A. Kulik, P. P.
Mataftin and others. In 1920, the Northern Scientific and Fishing
Expedition was organized, which was entrusted with the geological
study of the Pechora River basin. The results of the expedition
exceeded all expectations. In 1924, A. A. Chernov wrote: “Thus, at
present, the unclear contours of a large coal basin, which it is
natural to call the Pechora basin, are beginning to emerge in the
northeast of the European part of the USSR.”
After the
discovery of the Pechora coal basin, geologists M. S. Volkov, A. F.
Lebedev, T. N. Ponomarev, A. K. Matveev and others carried out
research on the territory of the region. The most striking event of
these studies was the discovery of the Vorkuta deposit. In 1930, the
Institute of the Geological Map of the GSRU VSNKh organized an
expedition led by N. N. Iordansky to study the upper reaches of the
river. Mustache.
The work of any geological expedition in
those days could not do without the help of the local population. In
the upper reaches of the Mustache, V. Ya. Popov turned out to be
such, who claimed that he had found coal in Vorkuta. Several
generations of people grew up with the conviction that V. Ya. Popov
was the discoverer of Vorkuta coal.
To survey the Vorkuta
River, a detachment is being created, headed by G. A. Chernov, who
graduated from Moscow University this year. In June 1930, having
climbed the river. Vorkuta, Georgy Aleksandrovich discovered 5
working seams of high-quality coal 70 km from the mouth of the
river. Already in May-June 1931, with the beginning of navigation, a
detachment of 43 people from the Ukhta-Pechora Trust (the economic
organization of the Ukhta-Pechora ITL (Ukhtpechlag), formed on June
6, 1931) moved to the Vorkuta River. At first, its number, according
to the Gulag, was small - only 9 thousand people in 1932 - but at
the beginning of 1938 the number of Ukhtpechlag was already about 55
thousand prisoners.
In 1937, on the left bank of the Vorkuta
River, the construction of mine No. 1 "Capital" began. By a decree
of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated January 9,
1940, the village of the Kapitalnaya mine was transformed into the
village of Vorkuta, Bolshezemelsky district (center - in the village
of Khosedo-Khard) of the Nenets National District of the Arkhangelsk
Region. In October 1940, Vorkuta was transferred to the Kozhvinsky
district of the Komi ASSR.
On December 28, 1941, the first
train was sent from Vorkuta along the North Pechora Railway. In the
middle of the summer of 1942, the highway was put into permanent
operation on the Vorkuta-Kotlas-Konosha section.
On November
26, 1943, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of
the RSFSR, the village of Vorkuta was given the status of a city,
after which it began to grow rapidly, reaching 100,000 in terms of
population in the late 1970s. At the peak of economic development, a
dairy plant, a cold storage plant, a large poultry farm, a brewery,
a large-panel housing construction plant, 2 woodworking plants, a
cement plant, a concrete products plant, there were state farms with
cows and pigs, their own greenhouse where fresh vegetables were
grown, 13 mines functioned in the city new houses were built.
In the late 1930s and early 1950s, one of the largest Gulag
camps, Vorkutlag (until 1938, Ukhtpechlag), was located in Vorkuta.
At the peak of its numbers, in early 1951, its prisoners were 73
thousand people. On July 22 - August 1, 1953, the Vorkuta uprising
of prisoners in the Special Camp No. 6 "Rechlag" took place - one of
the largest in the USSR.
After the reorganization of the
Gulag, institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs continued to
operate in Vorkuta. In addition, the city remained a place of exile
until the 1980s.
Two underground nuclear explosions were
carried out on the territory of the Vorkuta region. The first
explosion was carried out on July 2, 1971 at a depth of 542 meters,
20 km from Vorkuta, not far from the Khanovei railway station. The
second one was on August 29, 1974 at a depth of 583 meters near the
Seida station near Vorkuta. The explosions were not of military, but
of economic importance: they were used to probe the deep layers of
the Earth for scientific purposes.
After the collapse of the
USSR and the crisis in the mining industry, many residents left the
city, leaving for the southern regions of the country. The mine, the
first settlement on the site of the current city and once a large
urban area, is now completely abandoned.
The principal gateway is Vorkuta Airport which have flight connections three times each week with Moscow and Syktyvkar, the capital of Komi Republic.
By train
On trains following to Vorkuta via Kotlas.
From Moscow from Yaroslavsky Railway Station by train No. 042 Moscow
— Vorkuta, No. 376 Moscow — Vorkuta, No. 226I Yaroslavl — Moscow —
Vorkuta, travel time is more than 1.5 days
From St. Petersburg
from Ladoga Station by train No. 388 St. Petersburg — Vorkuta.
Railway communication with Labytnangi, Saratov, Nizhny Novgorod,
Mineralnye Vody, Novorossiysk, Kirov, Kotlas, Inta, Adler and
Stavropol is also carried out.
By car
Due to the lack of
roads, it is impossible to get to Vorkuta by road. However, you can
take a car to Sosnogorsk, and already there to order a platform for
the car on the train.
"Vorkuta" hotel (Гостиница "Воркута"), Tsentralnaya sq., 5, ☎ +7 (82151) 3-79-95. Check-in: 12:00, check-out: 12:00. 2900/4400 rub. per 1/2 person.
Club Stealth (Ночной клуб Стелс), Tsentralnaya sq., 1, "Cascade" shopping mall, ☎ +7 82151 -6-03-03. Largest night club in town, mostly for the young crowd with techno and house music served weekly
Vorkuta is located in the Polar Cis-Urals (thus, the city is
geographically located in Europe), on the Vorkuta River, about 150
kilometers north of the Arctic Circle and only 180 kilometers from the
coast of the Arctic Ocean. It is located in the permafrost zone. The
distance by road (there is no permanent road, therefore including the
winter road) to the capital of the Komi Republic - Syktyvkar - is 1100
km.
It belongs to the regions of the Far North and is part of the
land territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
Vorkuta is located to the east of Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, while
the city has Moscow time, which is UTC + 3 since October 26, 2014. Thus,
the mean solar noon in Vorkuta occurs at 10:44 (this is the earliest
mean solar noon in the world). This leads to the fact that, for example,
on September 23 (on the day of the autumnal equinox), sunrise occurs at
04:30, and sunset at 16:41, and also to the fact that twice a year the
Sun in Vorkuta rises in the evening (before 00 :00) and sets in the
morning (before 12:00).
The climate of the city is subarctic. The frost-free period is only
about 70 days (even in summer frosts are sometimes possible), while the
duration of winter is about eight months. Nevertheless, the climate of
Vorkuta is significantly softened (compared to other territories of the
Arctic zone) by the influence of the non-freezing western sector of the
Arctic and the Polar Urals. Therefore, annual temperature fluctuations
in Vorkuta are rather small for these latitudes, and winter temperatures
are higher than in the more southern, but also more eastern Salekhard,
Surgut, and Yakutsk. Since the Siberian anticyclone has almost no effect
here, in winter there are frequent sharp fluctuations in temperature
from frosts of about −40 ° C to thaws due to the passage of warm
atmospheric fronts. The annual precipitation (531 mm) is also high, by
the standards of the Arctic zone, which, combined with relatively low
summer temperatures, leads to excessive moisture (humid climate). In
summer, the interaction of warm atmospheric fronts of cyclones coming
from the Atlantic with cold but wet fronts of the Western Arctic causes
intense cloud formation, so there are very few cloudless days in
Vorkuta. There is almost always a fairly strong wind, mostly from the
northwest. In winter, strong blizzards constantly occur, causing snow
drifts. The Ryzhkovsky blizzard of 1990 even entered the history of the
city and folk art.
Farming in the open field due to the harsh
climate is impossible, with the exception of a few grass crops. At the
same time, cucumbers, spinach, leeks, chives and others are grown mainly
on window sills and in greenhouses.
Previously, cattle breeding
(with partial use of local fodder) and pig breeding were practiced.
The average annual air temperature is −5.3 °C.
Relative air
humidity - 81%.
The average wind speed is 5.3 m/s.
Polar night:
from 17 to 27 December - 11 days.
Polar day: from May 30 to July 14 -
46 days.
In December 1978, a temperature of -52 ° C was recorded