The Komi Republic is a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic
within it. It is included in the Northwestern Federal District, is part
of the Northern Economic Region. Geographically located in the
north-east of the European part of Russia.
The capital is the
city of Syktyvkar.
Formed on August 22, 1921 as the Autonomous
Region of Komi (Zyryan), in 1936 it was transformed into a republic.
Official languages: Komi and Russian.
The Republic is located in the north-east of the European part of the
Russian Federation, within the Pechora and Mezen-Vychegoda lowlands, the
Middle and Southern Timan, the western slopes of the Ural Mountains
(Northern, Subpolar and Polar Urals).
The territory of the
republic extends from Northern Uvalov in the south to Pai-Khoi in the
northeast (between 59°12' and 68°25' north latitude), from the
Pinego-Mezen interfluve in the west to the watershed of the Pechora and
Ob river basins, passing along the Ural Range in the east (between
45°25' and 66°10' E). The area of the region is 416,774 km² (slightly
smaller than Sweden), the population is 813,590 inhabitants. The
greatest length from northeast to southwest is 1275 km, from east to
west - 695 km, from north to south - 785 km. In terms of territory, it
ranks 11th in Russia and 2nd in its European part, second only to the
Arkhangelsk region, and is also the largest subject in European Russia
without access to the sea.
It borders with the Tyumen region
(namely, with its constituent Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (northeast,
east), Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (southeast, south)), Sverdlovsk
region (south), Perm Territory (south) , Kirov region (south, southwest,
west), Arkhangelsk region (including the Nenets Autonomous Okrug;
northwest, north, northeast).
Since 1992, Moscow time has been in effect in the Komi Republic; offset from UTC is +3:00. However, most of the republic is located in the UTC + 4 geographic time zone and the possibility of switching to Samara time (UTC + 4, Moscow + 1) or UTC + 5 (MSK + 2) is periodically discussed.
Most of the territory has a temperate continental climate. There are
significant differences in the climatic characteristics of the southern
and northern regions. The average annual temperature in the south is 0–1
°C, in the extreme northeast from –4 to –6 °C. Winter is long, severe;
summers are short but relatively warm.
Average January
temperature: from -20 °С in the northeast to -17 °С in the southwest.
Average temperature in July: from 11°C in the northeast to 15°C in the
southwest.
Average annual precipitation: from 400-450 mm in the north
to 600 mm in the south, on the western slopes of the Urals - up to 1000
mm, within the Timan Ridge - 700 mm. About 70% of precipitation occurs
in summer.
Stable snow cover: in the south it lasts about 160 days;
in the north - up to 205 days a year or more.
The duration of the
frost-free period: from 60 days in the north to 100 days in the south.
Vegetation period: from 100 days in the north (60–70 days in mountainous
areas) to 150 days in the south.
Geology
The territory of the Komi
Republic is located in the northeast of the East European Platform,
composed of sedimentary rocks of the Upper Proterozoic, Paleozoic and
Meso-Cenozoic platform cover, overlying the basement rocks of the
Archean and Lower Proterozoic age. Large tectonic structures stand out
here: folded structures - the Timan ridge and the Ural Mountains, the
Pechora syneclise (Pechora plate) located between them and the northern
part of the Russian plate. The Timan Ridge, which separates the Russian
and Pechora plates, is the largest orographically pronounced structure
that crosses the territory of the Komi Republic from northwest to
southeast. The ridge is formed by a complex of rocks that form a folded
basement of the Riphean age and a Phanerozoic platform cover at the
base.
In the Komi Republic, geological monuments began to be identified in
1973. In 2008, 95 natural monuments were established in the republic.
Among them:
The ruins of the ancient city on the plateau of Mount
Torre Porre Iz;
The karst log of Jordansky on the right bank of the
Malaya Pechora River, 16 km above the confluence of the Bolshoi Shezhim
(discovered in 1926 by the geologist N. N. Iordansky);
"Upper Gate"
on the Bolshaya Synya River (located 55 km above the railway bridge);
"Ring" on the Sharyu River (30 km from Usinsk, "Window to the Usinsk
oil");
Kaninskaya Cave, 47 km upstream of the mouth of the Unya River
on the right bank of the Pechora;
Unya Cave, 110 km from the mouth of
the Unya River;
ice cave;
Tufovaya Cave;
Bear Cave in the
Jordan Log (where one of the northernmost sites of Paleolithic man and
the largest location of the Pleistocene fauna in the north of Europe -
the bones of a mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, tiger) were found.
In 2007-2008, the Seven Wonders of Russia competition was held in
Russia. From the Republic of Komi, several attractions participated in
the competition.
Bogatyr-Shchelye is a rock, a geological
monument located on the Bolshaya Synya River, 25 km above the Synya
state farm, Pechora City Council.
Shchugor, reserved river. "Upper
Gate" (located 73 km from the mouth of the river), "Middle Gate" (9 km
below the "Upper Gate"), "Lower Gate" (the most picturesque outcrop
among the Shchugor "gates" is located 22 km from the mouth, right shore)
and the Veldor-Kyrta-Yel waterfall in the rocks of the right bank of the
Upper Gate, geological monuments, Vuktyl City Council.
Lyokiz is a
group of rocks, a geological monument located on the right bank of the
Ilych River, 4 km below the B. Sotchemyol stream, Pechoro-Ilychsky
Reserve, Troitsko-Pechorsky District.
Weathering pillars on the
Man-Pupu-Ner plateau is a geological monument located between the
Ichotlyaga and Pechora rivers, Troitsko-Pechora region, Northern Urals.
Weathering pillars are one of the winners of the Seven Wonders of Russia
competition.
City of Inta. Kozhimsky and Syvyussky geological
monuments, "Stone woman", rock "Reef", rock "Monk", "Kayuk-Nyrd",
"Nortnicha-fir", cedar monument "Vadcharty" - natural monuments on the
river Kozhim, Inta City Council.
The ancient village of Yb on seven
hills (located 50 km south of Syktyvkar), where there are exposures of
the Jurassic period on the banks of the Sysola. This geological monument
has been known for a long time. Locals find fossils here - for example,
belemnites, nicknamed "devil's fingers" (in Komi - gul chun, in the old
days they were used as talc and antiseptic). In recent years, due to hot
and dry summers and low water levels in Sysol, finds of fossils of
prehistoric animals - ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs (discovered by KSPI
professor B. Malkov in 2003) - have become systemic, not accidental.
The first information about earthquakes that took place in the
European North is recorded in the "Dvina chronicler", which mentions "a
terrible coward" that took place on the Dvina "... in 139 (1627) Maya on
the 20th day ... at the fifth hour of the night." “And many people saw
the shaking of the Earth from people, and other people were sleeping at
that time, and God had mercy on people from that coward.”
In
1914-1915, seismic stations recorded earthquakes, the epicenters of
which were located on the Pechora River near Mutny Continent and
Krasnobor.
On Sysol, an earthquake occurred on January 13, 1939
at about 17:00. It was felt by the inhabitants of many settlements (Yba,
Nyuchpasa, Pyeldina, Pustosha). This earthquake manifested itself most
strongly in Chukayb, where, according to the local teacher P.V.
Kondratiev, “... the force of the shocks was so great that in many
houses the doors opened and slammed and cracks formed in the stoves.”
According to the residents of Nyuchpas, chimneys fell in a number of
houses in the village. (Information was contained in an article on the
earthquake in the Urals and in the Urals, published in the proceedings
of the Seismological Institute in 1940).
In 1985, scientists from
the Institute of Physics of the Earth of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR and the Komi branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR made an
attempt to study the features of this earthquake. Letters were sent to
the regions of the Komi ASSR adjacent to the earthquake zone with a
request to help find old-timers who would remember this. Based on this
information, it was possible to fix the position of the epicenter and
calculate the estimated depth of the earthquake source (which turned out
to be 7 km). The Sysolsky earthquake (Nyuchpas) turned out to be quite
strong - its intensity reached 7 points in the area of \u200b\u200bthe
village of Nyuchpas.
5-point fluctuations were felt in Shoshka,
Nyuvchim, Yba, Vizing, Kuratov, Kozhim.
In addition to the one
that took place on Sysol, on the same day (January 13, 1939), a
6-7-point earthquake was recorded by instrumental methods on the Middle
Timan, "... in the fault zone stretching from the northern extremity of
the Vymskaya Ridge to the Vychegda River."
Plain, mountain, lake, marsh, karst rivers flow through the territory
of the Komi Republic (according to the conditions for the formation of
the regime); large, medium and small (in size).
Most of the
territory is occupied by the basins of lowland rivers: Vychegda, Mezen,
Vashki, left-bank and tundra tributaries of the Pechora and Mustache
rivers.
Major rivers
Pechora, the area of the basin within the
borders of the republic is 300 thousand square meters. km.;
Vychegda;
Mezen;
Vashka;
mustache;
Izhma;
Vym;
Sysola.
Typical mountain rivers are the right tributaries of the Pechora River -
Unya, Ilych, Podcherem, Shchugor.
There are few rivers with a
typical lake regime in the Komi Republic. These include Tansy,
originating from Lake Yamozero; Adzva flowing from the Vashutkin lakes;
Vis, the source of which is Lake Sindor.
Karst rivers are more
widespread. These include rivers flowing from the Timan Ridge, the Lemyu
Upland. These are the upper tributaries of the rivers Vychegda, Vym,
Mezen, Izhma, left-bank tributaries of the Pechora.
Since ancient
times, the rivers of the region have played an extremely important role
in the development of the Pechora Territory and adjacent areas. On the
territory of the Komi ("Perm" and "Pechora") passed "the great Novgorod
through the stone (through the Polar Urals) way to Yugra." This path,
starting from the Ustyug, went up and along the tributary of the
Vychegda, the Vym, rose to the portage connecting the upper reaches of
the Vym with the Ukhta River, a tributary of the Izhma, which flows into
the Pechora. Further, by the right tributary of the Pechora, the Usoy,
and its tributary, the Sob, it was possible to approach the upper
reaches of the other Sob, which flows into the Ob.
In 1786, the
construction of the North Ekaterininsky Canal began (connecting the
Severnaya Keltma River - a tributary of the Vychegda - with the Dzhurich
River - a tributary of the South Keltma, which flows into the Kama) and
in 1822 the construction was completed. In 1837, the canal was closed
due to silting and overgrowing. For the first time, sterlet entered the
Vychegda basin through the canal from the Kama. And the red burnt bricks
(very strong), with which the banks of the canal were lined, were used
by the local population (in the 1920s - 1950s) for the construction of
furnaces and other household needs.
Since 1960, a project was
being developed to transfer the flow of the Vychegda and Pechora to the
Volga basin, according to which it was supposed to build a dam on the
Pechora near Ust-Voya, raise the water level by 125 meters and send
water to Vychegda through the canal between North and South Mylva; on
Vychegda below Ust-Kulom, it was planned to build a dam 34 meters high,
create the Pechora-Vychegodsk reservoir with an area of 15 thousand km²
and send water to the Kama through the North Ekaterininsky Canal. If
this option, which provided for a complete turn of the Pechora into the
Kama basin, were implemented, the Pechora would cease to exist, instead
of it the Usa would remain with a small southern tributary-offshoot.
On March 23, 1971, an underground nuclear explosion was carried out
(three charges of 5 kilotons; according to the Taiga project) in the
Cherdynsky district of the Perm region, 100 km north of the city of
Krasnovishersk (on the border of the Komi ASSR), which had the purpose
of excavating the connection of the Pechora River with the Berezovka
River .
In 1986, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a
resolution on the termination of work on the transfer of the waters of
the northern rivers to the south.
There are more than 78 thousand lakes on the territory of the Komi
Republic. The total area is about 4.5 thousand km². 98% have a mirror
area up to 0.5 km². They are divided according to landscape features:
into tundra, mountain, taiga, floodplain; by origin: glacial, karst,
peat, relict. The dimensions of the taiga relict lakes are the largest,
but the depth is insignificant; in the mountains - a significant depth
(up to 50 m) with a small surface area (0.2-1-2 km²).
Lake Donty
(Don), floodplain, relic, area - 4.6 km², length - approx. 20 km, depth
- 2 m (1948) and 1.5 m (1975). Located in the basin of the Kulemyu and
Vychegda rivers, 7 km southeast of the village of Don, Ust-Kulomsky
district. The bottom of the Donta is covered with thick deposits of
sapropel and peaty silt. The lake is a remnant of an Ice Age reservoir,
gradually drained by the Vychegda River after the end of the Great
Glaciation. The swamps adjacent to the lake (Donty, etc.) show that once
the lake was simply huge and had rounded shapes. The lake is connected
to the Kulom-Yu River by the Donvis Canal dug 160 years ago.
Lake
Kadomskoe, length about 4 km, width about 3.5 km. Located on the right
bank of the Vychegda, 7 km north of the mouth of the Severnaya Keltma
River, it is a remnant of an ancient large near-glacial reservoir,
Ust-Kulomsky district. The ichthyofauna is represented by perch, crucian
carp, pike, and roach. Lakes Don and Kadam are proposed to be included
in the list of "7 Wonders of the Komi Republic".
Lake Vad, located 5
km northeast of the village of Isanevo, Sysolsky district. The lake is
round in shape (360 × 430 m), in the 1970s, ichthyologists launched a
peled fry into the lake, which took root well in the lake, which
indicates the purity of the water of this reservoir.
Lake Dodzskoye,
located near the village of Dodz, Kortkerossky district.
Lake
Veyakoty. Usinsky district, 49 km east of the mouth of the river. I'm
crying. Length - 3 km, width - 600 m, lake area - 6.3 km². Sewage,
through the river Veyakotyvis connects with the river. Rogozina. It has
fishery importance.
Lake Vadybty, located in the Sysolsky district,
in the bass. the Sysola River, near the village of Vadyb. The lake is
rounded (500×400 m), the maximum depth is 15 m. Pike, crucian carp,
roach, perch, ide prevail. Monument of nature (dated 11/30/1978).
Lake Smolnoye, floodplain.
Big lakes
Yam lake, relic type,
area - 31.1 km², average depth 1.7 m. Located in the upper reaches of
the Northern Timan, Chetlas stone, Ust-Tsilemsky district (very
difficult for wildlife lovers). The Black River flows into the lake,
Pechora Tansy flows out.
Sindor, taiga, relict lake, length approx.
12 km, width - 2-4 km, area - 28.5 km², average depth - 1.5 m. It is
located in the Vym River basin, 13 km southeast of the Sindor railway
station, Knyazhpogostsky district. It is a remnant of a vast ancient
reservoir, rich in organic matter, the lake is inhabited by: perch,
roach, ruff, pike, ide, crucian carp, burbot.
Mountain lakes are mainly of the glacial type (moraine, cirque),
located in the mountainous regions of the Urals. Food - snow, snowfield.
Water is slightly mineralized, transparent, colorless. Karovye lakes are
distinguished by their high location (above 800 m), great depth (more
than 20 m), rounded shape, stony shores almost devoid of vegetation, and
the absence of fish. In the trough valleys there are many dammed lakes
formed as a result of the damming of the moraine river. These lakes are
characterized by an oblong shape, significant depths (up to 30 m),
location below 800 m, the presence of vegetation along the banks and an
abundance of fish.
Lake Telpos, one of the highland lakes of the
Northern Urals, is located in the square of the northern slope of Mount
Telposiz at an altitude of 1081 m. 5 m. The greenish water of Telpos is
exceptionally clean, transparent, at a depth of 9 m the rocky bottom is
clearly visible.
Lake Goluboe, glacial, lies at the bottom of a vast
cara that separates the peaks of Karpinsky and Narodnaya at an altitude
of 1139.1 m (Polar Urals). The lake is elongated (length - 1.7 km, width
- 400 m, depth - up to 28 m), the water is very clean, transparent,
slightly mineralized. The shores are rocky, devoid of vegetation, only
mosses and sedges grow on the eastern sloping shore.
Lake Superior
Bolbanty and the upper lake. Upper Balbanty (at an altitude of 1007.2 m)
is dammed by moraine (huge boulders the size of a bus). The lakes are
located in the square of the mountains of the Subpolar Urals (3 km north
of Mount Naroda), Inta City Council. The Bolbanyu River originates from
Lake Superior Bolbanty (along the eastern source of this river is the
Bolbanyu botanical monument - Permian anemone, Lapland poppy, golden
root, etc.).
Lake Maloe Balbanty is located at an altitude of 687.6
m, at the bottom of the deep trough valley of the Balbanyu River between
the Maldynyrd ridges in the west and Karpinner-Irkusey in the east. The
length of the lake is 1.24 km, the width is 0.47 km, the shores are low,
swampy in places, overgrown with bushes of polar birch and willow.
Lake Big Balbanty is located 7 km below the lake. M. Balbanty at an
altitude of 654.9 m, dammed by a glacial moraine. The greatest length of
this lake is 2 km, width - up to 0.7 km, average depth - 19 m. Both
reservoirs (M. and B. Balbanty) are rich in grayling, burbot, lake char
is caught.
Lake Long, moraine - the bottom of a through valley that
cuts through the Torgoveyiz ridge, at an altitude of 612 m (length -
1.49 km, width - 0.4 km, average depth - 14 m), is famous for grayling.
Lake Torgovoe is the largest in terms of area and volume of water in the
Subpolar Urals. It is located in a vast circus on the southwestern slope
of the Keftylyk peak at an altitude of 721.7 m, it is the source of the
Torgovaya River. The lake is dammed by moraine (length - 2.2 km, maximum
width - 0.8 km, area - approx. 1 km²). Torgovoe is the deepest of the
dam lakes in the Subpolar Urals (28 m). In its clear greenish water at a
depth of 8 m, the bottom is clearly visible. It is rich in valuable
species of fish (grayling, whitefish, peled, trout). The Nenets name of
Torgovaya is Menyailava, meaning “a place of ordinary exchange”.
Marshes in the Komi Republic cover an area of 3.2 million hectares
(7.7% of the territory). They are independent ecosystems that affect the
surrounding landscape. Wetlands change groundwater levels, accumulate
moisture, and purify polluted waters. Each natural subzone corresponds
to a certain type of swamp. The main types of swamps found on the
territory of the republic are: hilly (tundra, forest-tundra), aapa-bogs
(basin of the middle reaches of the Pechora River), upland sphagnum,
transitional (mesotrophic) sphagnum and floodplain lowlands.
In
the Komi Republic, swamps, after reclamation work, are used for sowing
grasses, cultivating vegetables and potatoes, as natural hayfields and
pastures, and also for extracting peat for fertilizer.
Wetlands
are used as natural resources in their natural state to collect
medicinal plants (ledum, watch, sundew, etc.), moss, berries
(cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, etc.).
The most typical
bogs with their characteristic flora and fauna, various bog complexes
and unique ones, with rare species of plants and birds, have been
preserved in their natural state. Since 1978, 113 swamps have been
declared reserves and natural monuments, of which 17 have been
identified as standards for various natural landscapes, the rest are
cranberry. The total area of protected wetlands is 0.5 million hectares
(17.3%).
The swamps are also a habitat for birds (white
partridge, black grouse, goose, duck, sandpiper; from the "Red Book" -
gray crane, white-tailed eagle, whooper swan) and animals (elk, deer).
Ocean, area - 178,975 hectares, the largest in Europe. This unique
swamp, which captures part of the Izhemsky and Ust-Tsilemsky districts
of Komi, is very difficult to access and has not yet been fully
explored.
Usinskoye, located 7.5 km from the village of Ust-Lyzha,
area - 139,190 hectares, sphagnum, riding type, thickness - 4-5 meters,
the largest peat bog in Europe. There are about 860 lakes here.
Protected as a natural monument (since 1978).
Dzernyur, area - 32,228
hectares, deposits are composed of sphagnum peat, riding type, thickness
- up to 5 meters.
Tibyunur, area - 60,042 hectares.
Martyushevskoye, area - 9285 ha, thickness of peat deposits - 7.8 m. The
Martyushevskoye Swamp Reserve is important for birds on an international
scale and is included in the shadow list of the Ramsar Convention.
The vegetation cover of the republic is distinguished by great
originality and diversity. In its distribution on the plains, zonal
changes are clearly visible, and in the mountains of the Urals,
altitudinal zonality. The extreme northeast of the Republic of Komi is
occupied by tundra, to the south there is a narrow strip of forest
tundra, changing to the south by vast forest spaces. The zone of tundra
vegetation accounts for about 2% of the area of the Republic,
forest-tundra - about 8.1%, taiga - about 89%, meadow - less than 1%.
A characteristic feature of the tundra is associated with the
absence of tree vegetation: the vegetation cover consists of mosses,
lichens, perennial herbaceous plants, shrubs and low shrubs, dwarf birch
(Betula nana), polar willow, wild rosemary predominate. The vegetation
of the forest-tundra, which occupies the north of the republic, is of a
transitional nature: along with tundra vegetation, there are Siberian
spruce, downy birch, and Siberian larch. The forest-tundra gradually
turns into sparse forests, then into the taiga. The predominant species
in the forest zone are: Siberian spruce, Scotch pine, downy birch, warty
birch, aspen, gray alder. From other species stand out: Siberian fir,
Siberian larch, Siberian cedar, the forest-forming role of which
increases as we approach the Urals. Many forests are mixed. In the
southern part of the republic (subzones of the middle and southern
taiga), in places with fertile soils, mainly in the undergrowth or in
individual small trees and curtains, occasionally there are:
small-leaved linden, smooth elm and rough elm.
The forest in the
republic is the main nature-forming factor and provides various types of
useful products. Tundra forests, forest areas of watersheds and
protective belts along rivers are of particular biospheric
climate-regulating importance. In the republic there are separate
massifs of primary dark coniferous forests, formed several million years
ago. They include not only unique forest stands, but also medicinal,
ornamental and other dwarf and herbaceous plants subject to protection.
The total area of the forest fund is 39 million hectares, including
29.7 million hectares covered with forests, of which 28.6 million
hectares are under the jurisdiction of the Federal Forestry Service. The
remaining areas are mainly part of the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve and
state farm forests.
The total timber stock is about 2.8 billion
m³. However, a significant part of it cannot be considered as
operational, as it falls on the tundra forests, young forests and
various protected areas.
The forest area in the Komi Republic is 94% 389 thousand km² 38.9
million hectares.
In the Northern Urals, 32,800 km² are covered
with virgin forests. A unique territory is the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve.
Such virgin forests, not affected by human activity and technogenic
impact, have not been preserved in Europe.
In 1985, the reserve
was included in the list of biosphere reserves.
Ten years later,
by decision of UNESCO, the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve with protected and
buffer zones and the Yugyd Va National Park, united under the common
name "Virgin Komi Forests", were included in the list of World Cultural
and Natural Heritage sites.
The Yugyd Va National Park is located
in the Northern and Subpolar Urals in the southeast of the Komi
Republic. In the south it borders on the Pechoro-Ilychsky Reserve.
Animal world
Currently, about 4400 living species are known in
the fauna of the Komi Republic, representatives of 31 classes of 10
types of animals.
Including more than 50 species new to science:
nematodes, oligochaetes and dipterous insects in the Pechora and
Vychegda basins. The fauna of aquatic animals has a heterogeneous
character, reflecting the historical events of the Quaternary period.
In the Cis-Urals, complexes of its relatively older elements, which
were formed during the retreat of the maximum glaciation, were
discovered. Fauna of aquatic animals of the river. Mustache and r. The
Vychegda in the area of the extended valley of the ancient runoff (the
territory of the Ust-Kuloma region) has a relict character and was
formed during the Vyurm glaciation (Zvereva, 1969).
Separate
groups of fauna of aquatic animals (oligochaetes, mollusks, etc.) pp.
Vychegdy and Kamy are very similar in composition. It is assumed that
the Vychegda fauna is enriched by the arrival of representatives of the
Volga fauna through the North Ekaterininsky Canal connecting Vychegda
and Kama.
The group of cyclostomes is represented by 2 species of
lampreys: European river and Siberian. They are found in the basins of
the Vychegda, Mezen and Pechora.
Bony fish are represented in the
rivers and lakes of the Komi Republic by 8 orders, 12 families, 47
species. In the Pechora basin, Siberian species predominate, in other
basins there are more species penetrating from the south. The relics of
the Ice Age include: char-char, Siberian grayling, peled of some
mountain lakes and vendace of the Lemvinsky lakes. Taimen is a rare
species with a limited range; to the Red Book - sculpin. In the 1960s
and 1970s, the white-eye, rudd, sabrefish, pike perch entered the
Vychegda basin from the Kama.
The class of birds is represented
by 239 species, 44 families, 17 orders.
The following are
included in the Red Books: gyrfalcon, peregrine falcon, golden eagle,
white-tailed eagle, osprey, red-throated goose, lesser white-fronted
goose and lesser (tundra) swan. In addition, the whooper swan, all birds
of prey, owls, gray cranes, curlews, nightingales, etc. are protected.
mainly woodcock, great snipe, snipe).
The class of mammals is
represented by 57 species, 17 families, 6 orders.
Chiroptera (5
rare species): water, whiskered and pond bats, long-eared bats and
northern bats. The latter was noted near the village of Kanava, in the
upper reaches of the Pechora, on the river. Ilych and B. Son.
Of
the insectivores (8 species), the European mole, shrews (shrews) and the
common shrew are common.
Rodents (22 species) are the most widely
represented order. It includes small rodents (voles, mice, rats) with
high abundance and wide distribution. Many of the rodents are valuable
commercial species: common squirrel, river beaver, muskrat. The object
of fur farming is nutria.
Carnivores are represented by 16
species of wild animals, most of them valuable commercial species:
sable, pine marten, European and American mink, ermine, river otter,
common fox, arctic fox and other objects of fur farming (blue fox). The
wolverine is found in the north.
Artiodactyls (4 species): common
elk, reindeer, rarely roe deer. In the 1980s, the wild boar settled in
the republic, penetrating north up to the Udorsky, Ukhta and
Troitsko-Pechora regions.
The change in the mammalian fauna is
currently occurring mainly due to anthropogenic impact. A number of
species have been acclimatized: the muskrat was released into the
Pechora basin in 1931; raccoon dog - in 1954, 101 individuals were
released in the Storozhevsky and Ust-Kulomsky districts. The river
beaver has been reacclimatized on the territory of the republic. In
1976, the American mink, acclimatized in Western Siberia, was recorded
for the first time; its natural distribution continues in the basins of
the Pechora and Letka.
It is not known exactly when the Russians first became acquainted
with the lands of Komi, located in the basins of the Pechora and
Vychegda. But in the XII century, merchants from Veliky Novgorod and the
Suzdal-Rostov Principality constantly came there. In the Middle Ages,
the Komi lands were part of the possessions of the Novgorod Republic, at
the end of the 15th century they were transferred to the Moscow
principality. The most important commodity exported outside the
territory was furs. Due to the harsh climate and the lack of year-round
communications, the territory remained sparsely populated for a long
time, although as early as the middle of the 18th century, artisanal oil
production began in the area of the Ukhta River. The locals are called
Komi.
The industrial development of Komi and the increase in the
population of the republic in the 1930s-1950s is associated with the
activities of the Gulag and its subdivisions (Ukhtpechlag and others).
In the early 1930s, large reserves of coal were explored in Komi, which
began to be mined during the Great Patriotic War to compensate for the
loss of Donbass. At the same time, for the export of coal, oil and
timber, the Ukhta-Pechora-Inta-Vorkuta railway was laid by the prisoners
(1942).
July 22 - August 1, 1953 in Vorkuta, the Vorkuta uprising
of prisoners in the Special Camp No. 6 "Rechlag" took place. In the late
1950s, the Gulag system was abolished, but a large number of places of
deprivation of liberty in Komi still exist.
With the collapse of
the USSR, the Komi industry experienced a crisis, which led to a large
outflow of the population from the republic (during 1990-2007, the
number of Komi residents decreased by 22%).
On August 29, 1990,
the Declaration of Sovereignty and the new name Komi Soviet Socialist
Republic were adopted. At that time, the state emblem was depicted on
official letterheads with the new name "Komi SSR", the flag remained the
same. On May 26, 1992, the name of the national state changed to the
Republic of Komi. In the declaration and other documents of that period,
the republic was proclaimed a sovereign nation-state. At the same time,
the question of complete state independence and secession from the
RSFSR, as a rule, was not raised; relations with the federal center were
supposed to be settled in the future by concluding agreements with it.
In 2001, the Supreme Legislative Body of the Komi Republic announced
that the declaration of state sovereignty of this subject of the
Federation had become invalid. The deputies of the State Council of Komi
made this decision following the consideration of the protest of the
prosecutor of the republic, based on the conclusion of the Supreme Court
of Russia.
The most important date in the history of the modern
Komi Republic
On August 22, 1921, an autonomous region was formed as
part of the RSFSR - the Autonomous Region of Komi (Zyryan);
December
5, 1936 was transformed into an autonomous republic within the RSFSR -
Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic;
May 24, 1991 was
transformed into a republic within the RSFSR - Komi SSR;
January 12,
1993 - Komi SSR was transformed into the Republic of Komi;
February
17, 1994 - the Constitution of the Komi Republic was adopted;
May 8,
1994 - the first election of the Head of the Komi Republic;
June 6,
1994 - the state symbols of the Komi Republic were approved: coat of
arms, flag and anthem.
History of administrative-territorial
transformations
In the 18th century, provinces, which were divided
into counties, became the main administrative units. The Pechora
Territory was part of the Arkhangelsk Governorate as part of three
counties - Yarensky, Solvychegodsky and Pustozersky (Pechorsky).
In 1780, the Yarensky district of the Arkhangelsk region of the Vologda
governorate was divided into Yarensky and Ust-Sysolsky districts.
Counties united numerous volosts.
On the eve of the October
Revolution, most of the Pechora Territory was part of the Arkhangelsk
province, small territories of the region were also part of the Vologda
and Vyatka provinces.
On August 22, 1921, the Autonomous Region
of Komi (Zyryan) was formed. The region included Ust-Sysolsky district
completely, 21 volosts with the Komi population of the Yarensky
district, Izhmo-Pechora district (most of the Pechora district).
Somewhat later, in 1923, the Verkhnepechora (Troitsko-Pechora,
Savinoborsk, Shchugorsk) volosts of the Cherdyn district of the Perm
province were transferred to the region, and in 1929 the Sludsk volost
and Ust-Tsilma were included in the Komi region.
In 1929, the
following were formed: Izhemsky, Priluzsky, Syktyvdinsky, Sysolsky,
Udorsky, Ust-Vymsky, Ust-Kulomsky and Ust-Tsilemsky districts;
By
decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council
of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of January 14, 1929, the Komi
Autonomous Region became part of the Northern Territory with the center
in the city of Arkhangelsk.
On December 5, 1936, the Komi
Autonomous Region was transformed into the Komi Autonomous Soviet
Socialist Republic and became directly part of the RSFSR.
There
are 12 administrative regions in the republic, 8 cities of republican
subordination with subordinate territories, 2 cities of regional
subordination (Emva and Mikun), 37 settlements, 190 village councils.
in 1930 - Syktyvkar City Council;
in 1931 - the Troitsko-Pechora
region;
in 1939 - Knyazhpogost and Kortkeros districts;
in 1943 -
Vorkuta City Council;
in 1949 - Koygorodsky district;
in 1953 -
Ukhta City Council;
in 1957 - Inta City Council;
in 1963 -
Pechorsky District (since 1994 - City Council);
in 1975 - Vuktyl and
Usinsky districts (since 1994 - city councils);
in 1979 - Sosnogorsk
district (since 1994 - city council).
The gross regional product of the Republic of Komi in 2018 amounted
to 665.7 billion rubles, in terms of per capita - 796.8 thousand rubles
a year.
The modern basis of the economy of the Komi Republic
The Komi economy is associated with the extraction and primary
processing of minerals - oil, gas, coal, bauxite, gems, etc., wood
processing and paper-making enterprises.
The largest enterprises
of the Komi Republic.
JSC "Mondi Syktyvkarsky LPK" is one of the
largest pulp and paper mills in Russia.
JSC "Syktyvkar Tissue Group"
is one of the leading Russian companies producing sanitary and hygienic
products.
Komiteks OJSC is a factory of non-woven materials, the
first textile industry enterprise in the republic.
Syktyvkar timber
and woodworking plant.
The Syktyvkar industrial complex is the first
enterprise in the republic for the production of prefabricated wooden
houses.
OAO Syktyvkar Distillery is a leading producer of alcoholic
beverages in the Komi Republic.
OJSC Komiaviatrans is the largest
airline in the Komi Republic, the only company that includes all
airports in the Komi Republic; specializes in the transportation of
passengers and cargo to hard-to-reach areas of the Komi Republic,
aviation patrolling of forests, aviation support for emergency medical
work in hard-to-reach areas of the Komi Republic, emergency rescue
operations.
OOO LUKOIL-Komi is the largest oil and gas production
company in the south of the Timano-Pechora oil and gas province.
The
northern branch of OOO Lukoil-Severo-Zapadnefteprodukt is the largest
branch of OOO Lukoil-SZNP, which operates 88 filling stations on the
territory of four constituent entities of the Russian Federation: in the
Komi Republic, the Arkhangelsk Region, the Nenets and Yamalo-Nenets
Autonomous Okrugs.
LLC Lukoil-Ukhtaneftepererabotka (Lukoil) is an
oil refinery with a processing capacity of 3.2 million tons of oil per
year.
OOO Gazprom transgaz Ukhta is a subsidiary of OAO Gazprom. The
length of the gas transmission system of OOO Gazprom transgaz Ukhta in a
single-line version is more than 12 thousand km.
The Ukhta branch of
OOO Gazprom Burenie is the largest drilling company in the Republic of
Komi, operating in the republic and beyond its borders (in particular,
in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Yamal Peninsula).
JSC
"Northern Trunk Oil Pipelines" AK "Transneft" (Oil pipeline Usa -
Yaroslavl): oil pumping station "Ukhta-1" and PSU "Ukhta".
LLC
Gazprom Pererabotka is an enterprise for the production, complex
processing and transportation of oil, gas and gas condensate
Ukhta
Experimental Mechanical Plant.
Vorkutaugol is a city-forming coal
mining enterprise.
Vorkutacement.
Vorkuta Mechanical Plant.
Pechorskaya GRES is a power plant with an installed capacity of more
than 1 million kW (the capacity of the first stage is 1.26 million kW).
Pechorskaya GRES generates about 1/3 of electricity in the Republic of
Kazakhstan and is one of the largest electric power companies in the
European North of Russia.
The Usinsky Oil Refinery is the
northernmost oil refinery in Russia with a capacity of 1.3 million tons
per year.
The Intaugol enterprise is a city-forming coal mining
enterprise.
According to the features of the geological structure, one can
distinguish the Polar-Polar-Ural, Pai-Khoi-South Novaya Zemlya, Pechora,
Timan and Vyatka-Dvinsk metallogenic provinces. The state of the general
geological knowledge of the territory of the Republic of Komi and the
degree of exploration allow us to single out only a limited range of
minerals as the most significant for the national economy. These
include, in particular: coal, oil, natural gas, bauxite, gold and
diamonds.
combustible minerals
Coal deposits, the vast
majority of deposits are located within the Pechora coal basin,
geological reserves are 213 billion tons, explored - 9 billion tons (19%
- brown, 78% - stone and 3% - anthracites).
Oil shales are allocated
in 4 basins: Sysolsky, Yarengsky. Izhemsky and Bolshezemelsky.
Asphaltites, the industrial deposit is located on Timan, in the basin of
the Izhma River, near the village of Nyamed. The Timan deposits are
among the richest in Russia.
Peat, peat bogs occupy an area of more
than 10% of the territory of the republic, reserves - 12 billion tons.
Oil and natural gas. The Timan-Pechora oil and gas province is located
on an area of 600,000 km², geological reserves of oil reach 4 billion
tons, hydrocarbon gases - about 3 trillion cubic meters.
Mining
and chemical raw materials
Phosphorites are known in the basin of the
Sysola, Vym, Timan, Polar Urals and Pai-Khoi rivers. At Sysol and Timan,
phosphorites are associated with Jurassic sediments.
Sulfur, a small
deposit of native sulfur is known in the Southern Timan on the Northern
Keltma River, where sulfur is associated with Permian deposits.
Rock
and potash salt. Salt production in the Komi region has been known since
the 12th century. The industrial reserves of the deposit near the
village of Seregovo are 2.7 billion tons. Up to 6 thousand tons of
edible salt were mined from it annually.
Barite. The largest is the
Khoilinskoye deposit, located near the city of Vorkuta. Its reserves are
about 40 million tons. A similar Palninskoye field has reserves of about
17 million tons.
Mining raw materials
Fluorite. Large deposits
are known within the Ural-Novaya Zemlya province: the South Novaya
Zemlya, Amderma, South Pai-Khoi and West Ural plains. Of the explored
deposits, the largest is Amderma (the remaining reserves are more than
1.5 million tons).
Rhinestone. Deposits are known in the mountains of
the Subpolar Urals (discovered in 1927 by A. N. Aleshkov), where since
the beginning of the 1930s it has been successfully developed as a
piezo-optical raw material. Small crystals are found in agate tonsils in
the Northern Timan.
natural stone materials
Limestones and
dolomites. The largest among the fields under development is Belgopskoye
(Ukhta region) with reserves of more than 15 million m³.
Gypsum. At
the Izhemskoye field, reserves exceed 150 million tons, and at
Ust-Tsilemskoye - 70 million tons.
Sandstones, quartzites,
crystalline rocks. The Voyskoye deposit in the Middle Pechora has large
reserves of quartz glass sandstones of the Carboniferous age.
Gemstone raw materials
Cutting stones - quartz, rubies, garnets,
prehnites, amber. Jewelry varieties of quartz are known in the Subpolar
Urals. Rubies are found in the Polar Urals. Prehnites have been found in
the North Timan, where they often fill voids in Devonian basalts.
Ornamental stones - agate, jasper, marbles, jade, jadeite,
serpentinites. Agates are known in Timan and the Polar Urals, where
their proven reserves amount to several hundred tons. Small jaspers have
been found at Pai-Khoi (banded varieties, reserves of about 20 million
tons). Marbles in the composition of deposits of the Proterozoic and
Paleozoic eras are found in the Subpolar and Polar Urals and in the
Timan; gray marbles in the area of the Seida-Labytnangi railway
(reserves of about 4 million tons), gray and yellowish marbles near the
Khalmer-Yu station and on the South Timan. Nephrite and jadeite: their
deposits are known in the Polar Urals. Manifestations of serpentinites
have been established in the Subpolar Urals in the basin of the rivers
Vangyr, B. Patok and Kosyu.
Diamonds - these minerals in the Komi
Republic are found in the Devonian paleoplacers, less often in the
modern. placers in the Middle and Northern Timan, single finds are known
in the Northern Urals. The search for primary sources of diamonds is
underway.
titanium ores. The most explored deposit is Yaregskoye. The content
of leucoxene reaches 20-30%, the thickness is from 6 to 100 m. The total
ore reserves in the deposits of the Komi Republic amount to 30% of the
reserves of the CIS.
aluminum ores. In recent years, a large
bauxite-bearing province has been discovered in the Southern and Middle
Timan. The deposits are associated with carboniferous deposits.
Ores
of precious metals. Gold occurrences are widespread in the Subpolar and
Polar Urals and on the Timan. Both bedrock and placers are known.
Particularly interesting are the industrial gold placers in the basin of
the Kozhym River (where alluvial gold mining began in 1989) and on the
Timan in the upper reaches of the Tsilma, Pizhma, Nivshera rivers
(According to N. M. Karamzin, in 1497 a coin was minted from gold mined
on the river Tsilme This coin, with the image of St. Nicholas, was
presented by Ivan III to his daughter Theodosia).
As of the beginning of 2021, 1356 power plants and autonomous power
sources were operated on the territory of the Komi Republic, the vast
majority of which are small power plants serving specific consumers. At
the same time, more than 90% of the electricity is produced by several
large stations - Pechorskaya GRES, Mondi SPC CHPP, Vorkuta CHPP-2,
Sosnogorskaya CHPP. The total capacity of power plants (with a capacity
of more than 5 MW) is 2467.8 MW, in 2020 they produced 9.7 billion kWh
of electricity.
Agriculture, hunting and forestry
The rural
population as of January 1, 2021 is 176.518 people, 22% of the total
population of the Komi Republic.
Reindeer breeding is an
important traditional industry of the republic; in the 1990s, the number
of deer decreased more slowly than in most other regions of the Russian
Federation: in 1990, there were 124 thousand deer in the Komi territory,
and in 2000 102 thousand heads. Since 2007, a sharp reduction in the
number of deer began, and in 2010 there were 82 thousand deer in the
republic. As of January 1, 2011, 76.5% of reindeer were owned by
agricultural enterprises. They grow fodder crops, as well as potatoes,
vegetables and cereals. Animal husbandry specializes in meat and dairy,
there is pig breeding and poultry farming. Breed fox, mink, etc.
The number of cattle as of January 1, 2020 in farms of all categories
amounted to 29.9 thousand heads (-1.7 thousand), including cows - 13.6
thousand heads (-0.6 thousand); number of pigs - 39.9 thousand (+2.5
thousand), sheep 6.6 thousand (-0.8 thousand), goats 3.9 thousand (-0.5
thousand), horses 2.1 thousand (-0 .2 thousand), reindeer 93.0 thousand
(-2.9 thousand).
In 2019, livestock and poultry for slaughter (in
slaughter weight) 25.0 thousand tons were produced, potatoes were
harvested 42 thousand tons (-12.4 thousand tons), vegetables 14.6
thousand tons (-5.5 thousand tons). In 2020, milk production is 53.4
thousand tons.
The transport network in the Komi Republic consists of:
2.3
thousand km of railway tracks (including 1.7 thousand km of public use),
4.1 thousand km of inland waterways (including 3.1 thousand km of public
use, of which the waterways of the Pechora basin - 2.5 thousand km, the
Vychegodsk basin - 0.6 thousand km),
11.8 thousand km of roads
(including 6.3 thousand km of public roads).
Railway
The basis
of the public railway network on the territory of the Komi Republic is
formed by the railway line Kotlas - Vorkuta, which is part of the
Northern Railway, with a total length of 1.7 thousand km and three
low-intensity railway lines Mikun - Koslan - Vendinga, Sosnogorsk -
Troitsko-Pechorsk and Synya - Usinsk .
Development prospects
Belkomur (White Sea - Komi - Ural) is a planned strategic railway line
that will directly connect Perm, Solikamsk, Gayny, Syktyvkar and
Arkhangelsk. The planned length of the highway is 1252 km, of which 712
km are new construction, the rest are already existing sections owned by
Russian Railways, but requiring major modernization and electrification.
In November 1998, the symbolic silver crutch of Belkomur was hammered.
Then several kilometers of road were built (about 4 km each near
Karpogor and near Vendinga).
Barentskomur (Barents Sea - Komi -
Urals) - a project to create a railway line that will directly connect
Indiga, Sosnogorsk, Troitsko-Pechorsk, Polunochnoye and Surgut.
Automotive
As of January 1, 2010, the length of public roads owned by
the state of the Komi Republic amounted to 6,041.6 km, including 5,330.9
km of paved roads, or 88.2% of the total length of roads. In the
structure of republican roads with a hard surface, asphalt-concrete
roads prevail (68.0%). Complementing the network of highways of the
Republic of Komi is the federal highway "Vyatka" (Kirov - Murashi -
Syktyvkar within the borders of the Republic of Komi) with a length of
283.6 km.
The density of the network of public roads with hard
surface (including federal) in the republic is 13.5 km per 1000 sq. km.
km. In terms of the density of roads, the Komi Republic is one of the
last places among the regions of Russia, having only 60% of the roads
from the minimum necessary requirement for the successful and efficient
operation of the economy of the republic.
At the same time, the
transport structure of the Komi Republic is not of high quality due to
the large proportion of transitional roads and dirt roads. Thus,
transitional type roads occupy 30.6% of the total length of paved public
roads, or 1629.9 km. The length of unpaved roads is gradually
decreasing, amounting to 710.7 km as of January 1, 2010, or 11.8% of the
total length of roads.
As of January 1, 2010, the road network of
the Republic of Komi is equipped with 533 bridges and overpasses, of
which 339 units, or 63.6% of the total, are in capital construction, 18
floating bridges. As of January 1, 2010, there were 194 wooden bridges
in the republic, or 36.4% of the total number of bridges and overpasses.
Wooden bridge structures prevail on the territory of Ust-Kulomsky,
Udorsky and Priluzsky districts.
In winter, transport links in
rural areas are provided by 25 ice crossings with a total length of 12
km, including unique ice crossings across the Pechora River, each more
than 1.5 km long.
35.8% of rural settlements of the Komi Republic
do not have a stable transport connection on paved roads with a network
of public roads. Settlements of seven municipalities, where more than
300 thousand people live, including the cities of Pechora, Usinsk, Inta,
Vorkuta, do not have a stable transport connection with the network of
republican highways and neighboring regions.
In the Komi
Republic, the construction of the
Syktyvkar-Ukhta-Pechora-Usinsk-Naryan-Mar highway with access roads to
the cities of Vorkuta and Salekhard continues, as well as the
maintenance and repair of sections of the Vyatka federal highway passing
through the territory of the republic.
Air
On the territory of
the Republic of Komi, the airports Syktyvkar, Vorkuta, Ukhta, Pechora,
Usinsk, Inta and Ust-Tsilma operate, which are part of Komiaviatrans.
The following airlines operate on the republican air transportation
market: Komiaviatrans, Aeroflot-Russian Airlines, UTair, Nordavia,
RusLine, Rossiya. In addition, in the territory of the Republic of Komi
there is a subsidiary of the Air Navigation Branch of the Northern
Urals, FSUE State Corporation for Air Traffic Management, an enterprise
for the use of airspace, air traffic control and radio engineering.
Water
The density of river routes in the Komi Republic is 9.8 km
per 1000 sq. km. km.
Activities to provide river transport
services on the territory of the Komi Republic are carried out by the
Pechora State Basin Administration of Waterways and Shipping, which
organizes the operation and development of the waterways of the Pechora
Basin (length 2589 km) and the Syktyvkar region of waterways - a branch
of the North Dvina State Basin Administration of Waterways routes and
navigation, which serves the operation and development of the waterways
of the Vychegda basin (601 km long).
The main enterprises of
public river transport in the Republic of Komi, which carry out the
transportation of passengers, cargo and loading and unloading
operations, are OJSC Shipping Company Pechora River Shipping Company,
OJSC Pechora River Port, LLC Shipping Company Pechora.
Pipeline
Oil transportation across the territory of the Komi Republic is
represented by:
the Kharyaga-Usa interfield oil pipeline system with
a total length of 150 km and a throughput capacity of 12 million tons
per year (OOO LUKOIL-Komi);
system of main oil pipelines "Usa -
Ukhta" and "Ukhta - Yaroslavl" with a total length of 1540 km and a
throughput capacity on the section "Usa - Ukhta" 24.2 million tons per
year, and on the section "Ukhta - Yaroslavl" - 20.3 million tons per
year (JSC Transneft).
The system of main gas transportation
across the territory of the Komi Republic consists of four stages of
main gas pipelines (7300 km long), branch gas pipelines (1200 km) and
condensate pipelines (545 km). The main volume of gas is supplied from
the fields of the Tyumen region. The length of the system of main gas
pipelines in a single-line design across the territory of the Republic
of Komi is 4000 km. Gas is transported through the territory of the Komi
Republic by OOO Gazprom transgaz Ukhta (a structural subdivision of OAO
Gazprom). The main gas pipelines ensure the uninterrupted delivery of
more than 100 million tons of natural gas through the territory of the
republic. The share of pipeline transport in the total volume of cargo
transportation is 74.5%.
To ensure the transportation of Yamal
gas to the Unified Gas Supply System of Russia, it is planned to create
a new generation gas transmission system with a total length of more
than 2,500 km until 2030. Its integral part is the system of main gas
pipelines "Bovanenkovo - Ukhta" with a length of about 1100 km (of which
807 km on the territory of the Komi Republic), the construction of which
has been underway since 2007.
Secondary education
In the 1990s, the number of children studying
the Komi language as a subject in schools increased dramatically: from
19,612 in 1990 to 40,448 in 2000.
Higher education institutions
Syktyvkar State University (Syktyvkar);
Ukhta State Technical
University (Ukhta);
Komi State Pedagogical Institute (Syktyvkar)
(merged with SyktGU since 2014);
Komi Republican Academy of Public
Administration and Management (Syktyvkar);
Syktyvkar Forest Institute
- a branch of the St. Petersburg State Forest Engineering University
named after S. M. Kirov (Syktyvkar);
Syktyvkar branch of St.
Petersburg State University of Service and Economics (Syktyvkar);
Komi branch of the Kirov State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health
and Social Development of Russia (Syktyvkar);
Syktyvkar branch of the
Nizhny Novgorod Commercial Institute (Syktyvkar);
Komi branch of the
Vyatka State Agricultural Academy (Syktyvkar);
Ukhta branch of the
Moscow State University of Communications (Ukhta);
Vorkuta Mining
Institute - branch of St. Petersburg State Mining University (National
Research University) (Vorkuta);
Vorkuta branch of Syktyvkar State
University;
Vorkuta branch of the Ukhta State Technical University
(Vorkuta);
Usinsk branch of Ukhta State Technical University
(Usinsk);
Institute of Management, Information and Business (Ukhta);
Syktyvkar branch of the Russian University of Cooperation (Syktyvkar);
Syktyvkar branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy (Syktyvkar);
Ukhta branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy (Ukhta);
Ukhta branch
of the Capital Financial and Humanitarian Academy (Ukhta);
Vorkuta
branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education (Vorkuta);
Vorkuta branch of the Modern Humanitarian Academy (Vorkuta).