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Shakhty is a city in the Rostov region of Russia, on the rivers Grushevka, Ayuta, Kadamovka, 26 km from the border with the Luhansk region of Ukraine, 35 km from the Don River, 68 km from Rostov-on-Don, 35 km from Novocherkassk and in 1000 km from Moscow. Educational and industrial center in the south of Russia, in the Southern Federal District. Has the status of a supporting center of the East Donbass agglomeration. In 2011, with the formation of the Shakhty diocese, it became the cultural and Orthodox center of the Eastern Donbass region. The city has brought up nine Olympic champions and one Paralympic champion. Population - 230,262 people. (2020). The second city in the region in terms of area, the third in terms of population, and the fourth in terms of industrial production after Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Novocherkassk, respectively.
It was founded at the beginning of the 19th century as the Cossack village of Aleksandro-Grushevskaya, apparently in honor of the name of Emperor Alexander I, who reigned at the time of the founding of the village. In 1867, the village was transformed into the city of Gornoye Grushevskoye settlement, where mining - not from the mountain, but from mining - mining. The inclusion of this definition in the title is motivated by the fact that since the end of the 18th century, underground coal mining has been carried out near the village. In 1881, the village was returned to its original name, but in a "city" form - Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky. In 1920, for ideological reasons, the city was renamed Shakhty. The new name was due to its specialization in coal.
The city is
located in the southwestern part of the region, on the southeastern
slopes of the Donetsk ridge. The slightly hilly plain with
artificial forest plantations is slightly inclined from the north
(175 m) to the south (110 m), cut by gullies and valleys of the
Grushevka rivers - a left-bank tributary of the Tuzlov River, which
flows into the Don, Ayuta and Kadamovka. There are more than twenty
different reservoirs in the city. The largest of them is the
Artyomovskoe reservoir, more than 2 km long, created in the late
1920s to cool the turbines of the Shakhtinskaya GRES named after V.
Artyom. One of the natural monuments is Lake Lisichkino, located
near the village of Popovka. Man-made landforms are represented by
mine waste heaps (rock dumps), a characteristic detail of the urban
landscape. On the outskirts, the city is surrounded by large green
areas where acacia, poplar, pine and other tree species grow. In
general, the green zone of the city covers an area of 831
hectares.
The total area of the urban area is 16,065.3 ha.
The population density is 1574 people / km². The city includes 3
villages: Ayutinsky, Talovy, Sidorovo-Kadamovsky. Officially, the
city does not have an administrative-territorial division and is
conditionally divided into six territorial departments of the City
Administration, which are in charge of microdistricts that were
previously settlements at industrial enterprises. The jurisdiction
of the Western Territorial Department of the Administration of the
city of Shakhty includes the villages: Ayutinsky and Talovy, the
jurisdiction of the Nezhdanovsky Territorial Department of the
Administration of the city of Shakhty includes the following
settlements: The Oktyabrsky territorial department of the
Administration of the city of Shakhty includes the following
settlements: mines Oktyabrskaya, mines Krasin, Vorovsky, 20 years of
the Red Army, microdistrict Novostroyka, the jurisdiction of the 1st
territorial department of the Administration of the city of Shakhty
includes the following settlements: Frunze, Starokirpichny, Popovka
(former Cossack village) and part of the City Center, the
jurisdiction of the 2nd territorial department of the Administration
of the city of Shakhty includes the following settlements: Petrovka,
Gavrilovka, the mines of the Proletarian dictatorship, the cotton
mill (microdistrict KBC), the Krasny microdistrict, Novoazovka,
Smagin and part of the City Center, the jurisdiction of the
Artyomovsky territorial Department of the Administration of the city
of Shakhty include the following settlements: Staroazovka, mines
Komso Molskoy Pravda, Vlasovka (former Cossack village), Artyom
mines, State District Power Plant, Novy, Naklonnaya mines, as well
as the new Olimpiyskiy microdistrict, the following settlements are
under the jurisdiction of the Eastern Territorial Department of the
Shakhty Administration: Worker, Glubokaya mines, Shakhtinsky
Machine-Building Plant, Pervomaisky, Danilovka , Duvanovo, as well
as the village of Sidorovo-Kadamovsky.
Olympic
Champions Square;
Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy
Theotokos, 1902;
Monument to the Soldier-Liberator (1988)
The monument to the Soldier-Liberator in the town of Shakhty,
Rostov Region, was opened on May 7, 1988. The monument was erected
in the center of the city on the square of the 40th anniversary of
Victory on the initiative of the chairman of the city executive
committee Viktor Kovalev. The monument was made at the Kharkov
Sculptural Factory of the Art Fund of the Ukrainian SSR. Shakhty
residents come to the square of the 40th anniversary of Victory,
where the monument to the Soldier-Liberator is located, to pay
tribute to the participants of the Great Patriotic War and those who
died in the battles for the Motherland. During the war, about 10
thousand Shakhty residents died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic
War, about 35 thousand were awarded military orders and medals. The
title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 27 Shakhty
residents. Shakhty residents call the square "Soldier's Square". In
the local history museum of the city of Shakhty there is a reduced
copy of this monument. The height of the monument together with the
pedestal is about 15 meters. The monument was built at the expense
of the workers, which were earned during the work shift "to the 40th
anniversary of Victory - 40 shock weeks." The authors of the
monument are sculptors: honored artist, laureate of the State Prize
of the Ukrainian SSR named after T.G. Shevchenko Ya.I. Ryk, I.P.
Yastrebov, architects: laureates of the State Prize of the Ukrainian
SSR named after T.G. Shevchenko E. Yu. Cherkassov, A. A. Maksimenko,
chief architect of the city of Shakhty V. P. Onishchenko. The
soldier in the sculpture is holding a submachine gun. His face is
stern and strong-willed. Next to the soldier there are orders cast
from metal: the Order of Victory, Patriotic War and Glory. The
complex includes five lamps, which are a symbol of five difficult
years of the Great Patriotic War;
Monument to Tsar Alexander
II;
Monument to Saint Tsarevich Alexei;
In the city of Shakhty
there are 22 monuments to the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War;
Residential house of the merchant (60 Galushkina st.);
Dwelling
house of a merchant (Kirova ave., 65);
Dwelling house of a
merchant (pr. Klimenko, 4);
The ensemble of a merchant's dwelling
house with a house for a servant: a dwelling house, a house for a
servant (Klimenko Ave., 8, 10);
Residential building of a
merchant with a tavern in the basement (Klimenko ave., 10A);
Residential house of a merchant (Klimenko Ave., 14);
Residential
house of the merchant (Klimenko Ave., 16);
Residential building
of the mine owner (Klimenko Ave., 19);
Monument to V.I.Lenin
(1936). Architect Andreev, artists Popov and Listopadov;
Residential building of an employee of a city institution (Lenin
st., 201);
The building of the National Hotel;
State Treasury
building;
Residential house of artisan Evdokimov K. D .;
The
building of the mining school;
Commercial school building;
The
building of the first city library-reading room;
Stone fence on
the street. Soviet;
Drama Theater named after Pogodin (1929);
Monument to the Fighters for Soviet Power;
Stele to the first
Komsomol members;
Monument to V.I.Lenin on the Central Square;
Monuments to the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War;
Memorial
complex in the park. L. Krasin;
Memorial complex in the park of
culture and rest;
Memorial complex Square of the 40th anniversary
of Victory;
Memorial to the Victims of Fascism;
Memorial
complexes, obelisks and memorial plaques in villages;
Memorial
sign to Shakhty people who died in local wars;
Monuments to
mining work;
Memorial of Miner's Glory. Opened May 13, 2011. The
memorial is a black tetrahedral pyramid imitating anthracite coal.
At the base of the pyramid, a slab of red granite is laid, as a
symbol of the labor feat of the miners. On the four sides of the
monument are written the main historical milestones in the
development of the coal industry in Shakhty, the image of a miner
with a jackhammer, poems, the name of the monument;
Monument to
Mikhail Pavlovich Chihu;
Monument to the Weaver;
Monument to
Taras Shevchenko;
Monument to Chernobyl victims;
Monument to
the blind.
In the city of Shakhty, Rostov Region, there are a
number of cultural sites of regional significance. These include
several residential buildings of local merchants and others:
The
Shakhty Museum of Local Lore is located in a historical monument,
where the Aleksandrovskaya (in honor of Empress Alexandra
Feodorovna) church school used to be. The main hall of the museum is
domed. It contains about 13,000 exhibits. At one time, the Academy
of Arts of the USSR donated a collection of paintings from about 200
works to the museum.
There are several churches of the
Shakhty diocese in the city: the Church of St. Nicholas, the Church
of St. Nicholas (Anyutinsky), the Cathedral in honor of the
Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos and there is also a temple
in honor of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, the temple
of the Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir, the Church of the
Ascension of the Lord, the temple of the icon of the Mother of God
Odigitria, the temple of the great martyr Pantileimon, the temple of
the Holy Trinity.
The climate is moderately continental with features of
the subtropical Mediterranean. Average annual air temperature
according to new data is 10 ° C. Long summer can be accompanied by
drought, and spring with dry wind with east, north-east winds at a
speed of 15 m / s. The precipitation is 400-450 mm. Winter in
Shakhty lasts two months and, as a rule, begins in mid-December,
while the temperature in January is 0 ...- 3 degrees. And there are
winters with a positive temperature higher than 0 degrees (that is,
winter is like in the subtropics). The weather is unstable in
winter, frosts alternate with thaws, fogs, ice, hail, blizzards are
possible. The snow cover forms in late December - early January. At
the same time, the snow cover rarely lasts more than three weeks,
and there are years without a permanent snow cover. The warmest
winters are in the south-west of the Rostov region (Taganrog,
Shakhty, Azov, Novocherkassk).
Spring in Shakhty begins in
early March and lasts for about two months. At the end of March,
leaves begin to bloom, the first flowers bloom. The average
temperature in March is +10 degrees. April is the driest month,
which is characterized by frequent returns of cold weather and
frost.
Summer weather is hot and dry. Summer lasts about five
months. Summer begins in early May, when the temperature reaches +15
degrees. Hot and sunny weather prevails in June, July and August. At
the same time, June is the rainiest month, and July is the hottest.
The average daily temperature in July is +25 degrees, but often
rises to +35 degrees. August is characterized by hot and dry weather
with dry winds and dust storms. In September, the heat drops to +20
degrees. The weather season, called "Indian summer", begins, which
lasts until the third decade of September.
Autumn begins at
the end of September and lasts about two months. The average
temperature at the end of September is +14 degrees. The weather in
early autumn is sunny and dry, but starting from the second half of
October it quickly gets colder and the first frosts come. In
November, the average daily temperature is +3 degrees, precipitation
often falls, often in the form of snow.
The main feature of
the weather in Shakhty can be called its aridity, precipitation
falls just over 400 mm per year, with the maximum falling in
June-July.
The first settlements, which subsequently entered the
territory of the city, arose in 1805, these are three farms of
Popovskaya, Vlasov, Grushevskaya by the names of the Don Cossacks -
the organizers of these farms. The approximate location of these
farmsteads is clearly visible on Schubert's ten-mile map published
in 1840. In 1867, the Grushevskoye mountain settlement was formed
with the status of a city. From 1881 to 1921, the city was called
Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky. In 1897, 16,479 people lived there. In
1921 the city received its modern name Shakhty. In 1920-1924 it was
part of the Ukrainian SSR. On January 4, 1920, the Donetsk
provincial revolutionary committee was formed in Lugansk, headed by
the chairman V.P. Antonov-Saratov. Among the first, he signs
(January 5) an order establishing the boundaries of the province:
"Until the economic territory of the Donetsk province is clarified
and the correct distribution of the province's districts,
temporarily approve the following eleven administrative districts
that are part of the Donetsk province ...". According to this
decree, all coal regions of the basin were united into one
administrative unit. Among them was the Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsky
district, the center of which was the city of Shakhty.
Shakhtinsko-Donetsk district is an administrative-territorial unit
of the Donetsk province of the Ukrainian SSR (since 1923), and then
the South-Eastern region (since November 1924 - the North Caucasus
Territory) that existed in 1924-1930. Shakhtinsky (from the fall of
1925 - Shakhtinsko-Donetsk) was formed in 1923 as part of the
Donetsk province of the Ukrainian SSR. The town of Shakhty became
the center of the district. On June 2, 1924, the district went to
the South-Eastern region of the RSFSR. In 1925, most of the
Morozovsky District was annexed to the okrug.
On July 30,
1930, the Shakhty-Donetsk district, like most other districts of the
USSR, was abolished. Its districts were transferred to the direct
subordination of the North Caucasian Territory. For some time,
Ukraine was in disputes with the RSFSR over the city of Shakhty.
In 1927, in the town of Shakhty, the OGPU launched a large-scale
investigation into the case of counter-revolution and sabotage,
which resulted in the famous Shakhty trial, which took place in
Moscow from May 18 to July 6, 1928.
In Soviet times, it was
the center of the coal industry of the Eastern Donbass of the RSFSR.
For some time the Rostov region was divided into two - Rostov and
Kamenskaya, the center of the latter was the city of Shakhty.
From July 22, 1942 to February 12, 1943, the mines were occupied
by the German fascist army. The city was badly damaged, industrial
enterprises, state and educational buildings, and cultural monuments
suffered the most. In the building of school number 10, a camp for
prisoners of war was organized, which the Germans brought from all
nearby fronts. Executions were carried out in the school yard every
day.
Despite the serious damage inflicted during the occupation, the
city quickly recovered, many large enterprises were built: a cotton
mill, a Gidroprivod plant, a Shakhty milk processing plant, a shoe
factory and others. In industry, the emphasis was on mechanical
engineering, metallurgy, the production of building materials and,
of course, coal mining.
The closure of most of the mines in
the 1990s and 2000s led to the economic decline of the city, which,
in particular, resulted in the closure of tram (in 2001) and
trolleybus (in 2007) services. But the availability of a qualified
workforce and production potential helped in the 2000s to create
several large modern enterprises in Shakhty, which again brought the
city to 4th place in the region in terms of industrial production.
In 2007, after the RF Ministry of Regional Development announced
the idea of creating agglomerations in Russia, the gradual
formation of the East Donbass agglomeration began. The mines became
its support center, as a city with the largest population, volume of
production, around which satellite cities Krasny Sulin, Gukovo,
Novoshakhtinsk, etc. are concentrated.
April 29, 2015 opened
on the street. Shevchenko a new monument to Emperor Alexander II.
The solemn ceremony was attended by the mayor of the city D.
Stanislavov, the chairman of the city Duma I. Zhukova and others.
The right to open the monument was granted to a relative of the
House of Romanov, great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander III,
great-grandson of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, Pavel
Kulikovsky-Romanov and cadet of the city Cadet Cossack Corps Kirill
Povecherov.
April 30, 2015 opened on the street. Mayakovsky
monument "Katyusha".