Population: 10,584,344
Calling code: +351
Currency: Euro (EUR)
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic is
the westernmost state in continental Europe, located in the
southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. In the north and east it
borders on Spain, in the south and west it is washed by the Atlantic
Ocean; thus, this state as a whole is a semi-enclave, or coastal
enclave. The name of the country comes from the city of Porto (lat.
Portus Cale).
Republic since 1910.
Member of NATO
(since 1949), UN (since 1955), OECD (since 1961), EU (since January
1, 1986), Commonwealth of Portuguese-speaking countries (since
1996). Included in the Schengen zone and the euro zone. Participates
in Ibero-American summits since 1991.
Lisbon is the largest city in Portugal and also the capital of the country. It numbers over half a million in population and covers a large area, however its historic centre is what usually draws thousands of tourists here.
Alcobaça Monastery is a Roman Catholic abbey situated in Alcobaça, Leiria District. It was found in 1153 by Afonso I Henriques.
Medieval Almourol Castle in Vila Nova de Barquinha parish was constructed on a site of an ancient Roman citadel.
Arraiolos Castle is a round medieval citadel in a city of Arraiolos, Évora District in Portugal.
Catholic Batalha Monastery or Mosteiro Santa Maria da Vitória was constructed to commemorate Portuguese victory over its enemies.
Conímbriga is the largest and most sophisticated Ancient Roman settlement in Portugal. It is situated 2 km South of Condeixa- a- Nova.
Convent of the Order of Christ in Tomar is a Catholic abbey that was originally constructed as a castle for Templar knights.
Medieval Evoramonte Castle became famous as a signing site that ended a Portugues Civil War in the 19th century.
The Monserrate Palace is a former palatial villa located near a town of Sintra in Portugal. It was build in 1858 for English baronet Sir Francis Cook.
Mosteiro dos Jeronimos is one of the largest religious complexes of Roman Catholic Church in Lisbon and certainly one of the most visited one.
Medieval town of Obidos situated in Oeste Subregion is most famous for its impressive fortified citadel that stands on a site of much older ancient Roman citadel.
Close proximity of Sintra National Palace to Lisbon and its designation as an World Heritage Site makes it one of the most visited tourist destinations in Portugal.
Medieval Palmela Castle is a former Araba fortress that saw actions for most of its long history till it was badly damaged by an earthquake.
Pena National Palace is without a doubt one of the most picturesque and unique residence in Portugal and all of Europe.
Queluz National Palace is a magnificent 18th century Portuguese estate in Queluz, Lisbon District.
Medieval Sabugal Castle was constructed in the 13th century on a hill overlooking crossing of Côa river.
Santa Maria da Feira Castle is a medieval fortress that protects an ancient settlement that existed here since the pre- Roman times.
In the IV-III centuries BC. most of Portugal was
inhabited by Indo-European Lusitanian tribes. At the end of the 1st
century BC the conquest of the territories of modern Portugal
by Ancient Rome was completed. In the 2nd half of the 5th – 6th
centuries the territory of modern Portugal was conquered by the
Visigoths, led by King Theodoric II, in 713–718. - Arabs. During the
Reconquista in 868, the county of Portugal was created under the
leadership of Vimara Peres, in 1139 (officially in 1143) it became
an independent kingdom. Sanshu I The settler made a contribution to
the history of Portugal in the form of a conductor of peaceful
reforms, under Afonso II a parliament called Cortesov began to work,
and Afonso III of Boulogne completed the Reconquista. In 1279-1415.
there was a strengthening of the monarchy in Portugal, which was
marked by transformations under Dinis I the Farmer, peace with the
Kingdom of Castile and Leon, the crisis of 1383-1385.
From
the 15th century, beginning with the reign of Juan I of the Avis
dynasty, the colonial expansion of Portugal began; The Portuguese
colonial empire reached its peak in the 1st half of the 16th
century. In 1580, King Enrique dies, and the Portuguese throne
passes into the hands of the Spanish King Philip II of Habsburg.
Until 1640, Portugal was in a personal union with Spain. At the
beginning of the XVIII century she participated in the war for the
Spanish inheritance. The Lisbon Treaty and the Methuen Treaty of
1703, signed during the war, made Portugal economically and
politically dependent on Great Britain. In 1807, the troops of
Napoleon I invaded Portugal, which were expelled in 1808 by British
troops with the support of Portuguese patriots. XIX century was
marked in Portugal by revolutions (the Portuguese Revolution of
1820, the September Revolution of 1836), civil wars (migrant wars,
the war of Maria da Fonte), a sharp struggle between supporters and
opponents of the constitution. From the 2nd half of the 19th century
in Portugal, a republican and socialist movement is developing.
XX century
As a result of the Portuguese Revolution of 1910,
Portugal became a republic. The Portuguese Republic took part in the
First World War on the side of the Entente.
In 1926, a coup
d'etat was carried out, a military dictatorship was established. In
1932, power was actually transferred to Prime Minister António
Salazar, who established an authoritarian regime in the country
(Soviet scholars described it as “fascist”). Working closely with
the UK, she decided to remain a neutral state. During the war
period, Portugal was a major supplier of tungsten, which was an
important source of cash income. In 1949, Portugal joined NATO at
the time of its creation. Since 1961, Portugal has tried to suppress
the national liberation movement in its African colonies.
On
April 25, 1974, rebel forces led by the Armed Forces Movement
overthrew the fascist government (the “carnation revolution"), and
political parties were allowed to operate. Decolonization of the
former Portuguese colonies in Africa completed. The situation
stabilized after a stage of fierce political struggle and several
sharp clashes. In April 1976, a new constitution was adopted. In
July 1976 - August 1978, the government formed by the Portuguese
Socialist Party (PSP, founded in 1973) was in power, from January
1980 - the coalition government of the center-right Democratic
Alliance, in 1983-1985 the coalition of the socialist and Social
Democratic parties was in power, from 1987 - The government of the
Social Democratic Party, which for the first time received an
absolute majority in the parliamentary elections.
The Portuguese constitution has been in force since
1976.
Portugal is a parliamentary-presidential republic.
Legislative body - Assembly (Assembleia da República), consists of 230
deputies (deputados) and is elected by party lists for 4 years. The head
of state is the president (Presidente da República Portuguesa), elected
by popular vote for a term of 5 years; the advisory body under the
President is the State Council (Conselho de Estado), the executive body
is the Council of Ministers, consists of the Prime Minister
(Primeiro-ministro) and ministers, is appointed by the president and is
responsible to the Assembly, the representative bodies of the autonomous
regions are legislative assemblies (Assembleia Legislativa ), executive
- regional governments (governo regional), consisting of chairmen of
regional governments (presidente) and regional secretaries (Secretário
Regional), representative bodies of parishes - assemblies of parishes
(Assembleia de freguesia), executive bodies of parishes - councils of
parishes (Junta de freguesia) consisting of the chairmen of parish
councils (presidente) and vowels (vogais), the constitutional oversight
body - the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional), appointed by
the Assembly, the highest court - the Supreme Court of Justice (Supremo
Tribunal de Justiça), the courts of appeal - judicial tribunals of the
second instances ( Tribunal judicial de Segunda Instância), courts of
first instance - judicial tribunals of first instance (Tribunal judicial
de Primeira Instância), the highest judicial instance of administrative
justice (Supremo Tribunal Administrativo), courts of first instance of
administrative justice - administrative courts (Tribunal
administrativo), supreme control body - Court of Accounts (Tribunal de
Contas), prosecutorial supervision body - General Prosecutor's Office
(Procuradoria-Geral da República Portuguesa), courts of financial
justice - fiscal courts (Tribunal fiscal), courts of military justice -
military courts (tribunais militares), an official authorized control
the activities of government agencies - the Ombudsman General (Provedor
de Justiça).
Portugal has democracy and universal suffrage.
Ministries of Portugal:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of
Agriculture, Rural Development and Fisheries
Ministry of Public
Institutions, Transport and Communications
Ministry of Finance and
Public Administration
Ministry of Labor and Social Solidarity
Ministry of Health care
Department of Homeland Security
Ministry
of Education
Ministry of Internal Administration
Ministry of
Justice
Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Environmental Protection, Territorial
Order and Regional Development
Ministry of Economy, Innovation and
Development
Political parties
The main political parties are
the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party. The Socialist Party
is center-left and social democratic. The Social Democratic Party is
center-right and liberal conservative.
Unions
The General
Union of Workers (União Geral de Trabalhadores), the main trade union
center traditionally associated with the Socialist Party, has 400,000
members.
The General Confederation of Portuguese Workers
(Confederação Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses), traditionally
associated with the Communist Party, has 800,000 members.
Capital
Lisbon
Located on the banks of the
Tagus River. The area of the capital is 84 km². The population is
556,797 people. Greater Lisbon (city with suburbs) - 2750 km² and a
population of 2.1 million people.
The mayor of the city is
António Luis Santos da Costa.
Other cities
Viseu
Aveiro
Beja
Braga
braganca
Viana do Castelo
Vila Nova de Gaia
Guimarães
Castelo Branco
Covilhã
Coimbra
Leiria
Oliveira
de Azemeis
Portalegre
Portimão
Porto
Santareni
Seixal
Setubal
Faro
Fatima
Figueira da Foz
Chaves
Evora
Elvas
Until 1976, the territory of Portugal was divided into provinces.
After an administrative reform, the territory of Continental Portugal is
divided into 18 districts ("dishtritu"), which are divided into 308
municipal areas ("conseil"), consisting of parishes ("freguesia").
Island territories (Azores and Madeira) have the status of autonomous
regions.
Geographical position
Portugal is the westernmost
state in continental Eurasia. Located in the southwestern part of the
Iberian Peninsula. On land, it borders only with Spain (1214 km). The
length from north to south is 550 km, and from east to west - 175-200
km. It is the second largest European state after Iceland, located
entirely in the Western Hemisphere, and Iceland is an island state.
Portugal also controls the Azores and Madeira.
Climate
The
climate is Mediterranean, subtropical. Average January temperatures are
5-10°C, July 20-27°C. Precipitation on the plains is from 400 to 800 mm,
in the mountains from 1000 to 2500 mm per year.
Relief
The
relief of the provinces of Minho in the west and Altu-Traz-os-Montes and
Alto-Douro in the east, located north of the river. Douro, rugged,
mountainous. The province of Beira, extending from the river. Douro to
the upper section of the river. Tagus, with the exception of the coastal
plain, is also occupied by mountains. In its central part is the highest
point of Portugal - Mount Torre (1993 m). Fertile plains in the lower
reaches of the river. Tejo (province of Ribatejo) and the coastal zone
north and south of the capital city of Lisbon belong to the province of
Extremadura. To the east and south of it stretches the province of
Alentejo, with a soft hilly relief, and the entire southern part of
Portugal is occupied by the plains of the Algarve province, which are
similar in natural conditions to the Mediterranean zone of North Africa.
Rivers and lakes
On the territory of Portugal, the valleys of the
Douero and Tajo rivers are clearly distinguished. In the upper reaches,
they are narrow and deeply incised; downstream, they widen and, near the
coast of the Atlantic Ocean, pass into flat lowlands. These rivers are
the natural boundaries of five of the six geographical regions of the
country.
Flora and fauna
Despite the human factor, the
climatic features of the region are reflected by the natural
environment: flora and fauna. Near the coast, the vegetation is
dominated by pine. The coastal strip of the central and northern parts
of the country is occupied by forests (mainly Portuguese oak, among
shrubs - broom). In arid areas, climatic conditions favor the growth of
cork and holm oaks.
In general, about a fifth of the Portuguese
territory is covered with forest. Approximately 50% of the forest is
coniferous trees (mostly pine). Cork oak is planted on the territory of
607 thousand hectares. Thanks to this, Portugal supplies about 50% of
the cork bark worldwide. The area of eucalyptus plantations is
growing, which are characterized by rapid growth and this is the most
important source of raw materials for the pulp and paper industry.
Seaside pine, pine, chestnut.
The fauna of Portugal generally
corresponds to the rest of Europe. On its territory you can meet both
lynxes and wild forest cats, wolves, foxes, wild boars, bears, badgers,
hares and many species of rodents. Of the representatives of the North
African fauna - the genetto, the chameleon, and others. Endemic - the
Estrel shepherd, the Pyrenean lynx, the Iberian wolf.
Due to the
fact that Portugal is located on one of the main migration routes of
migratory birds, you can meet a huge variety of birds. The proximity of
the ocean promotes fishing (about 200 species of fish live in the
coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean): sardines, anchovies, tuna.
Ground cover
The soils of Portugal are mostly sandy, acidic,
formed mainly on volcanic rocks. The exception is the fertile loamy
soils of the alluvial plain in the lower reaches of the river. Tagus.
Several seismically active zones are distinguished on the territory of
Portugal, the largest of them are located in the Algarve, Minho and near
Lisbon.
Portugal is an industrial-agrarian country. The most
important traditional industries are textile (cotton and wool),
clothing, winemaking (port wine production is especially famous), olive
oil production, canned fish, cork processing (leading place in the
world), ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering
(shipbuilding and ship repair). , car assembly, electrical engineering);
the chemical, oil refining and petrochemical, cement industries are
developing. Farming dominates agriculture. About half of the cultivated
land is arable; viticulture, fruit growing, olive plantations. In
livestock breeding, cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding, and
fishing.
The main foreign trade partners are the countries of the
European Community.
Foreign tourism - approx. 10 million people a
year.
In connection with the change in the text of the
constitution (1990), a law on privatization was adopted (enterprises
nationalized after 1974 were privatized; the role of state regulation in
the economy decreased; private investments of Portuguese citizens in
domestic enterprises were allowed). The state undertook to promote the
restructuring of unprofitable enterprises and the development of the
Portuguese capital market. Enormous money was allocated for improvement:
in 1993-2000, the proportion of the population using the drinking water
supply system increased from 61 to 95%, and the sewer network from 55 to
90%.
The economic policy is aimed at liberalization and
modernization of the economy, further privatization of state-owned
companies, restructuring of the banking and telecommunications sectors.
The fiscal sphere after the tax reform ensured the inflow of state
revenues and the reduction of the budget deficit in 1996-2003. from 5 to
2.4% of GDP. In the monetary sphere, measures were taken to promote
budgetary and financial stability. Budget revenues amounted to 45
billion dollars, expenditures - 48 billion dollars. In 1996-2003. annual
inflation rates decreased from 7.8% to 3.1%. Social policy is aimed at
reforming the system of social and labor relations and ensuring
employment. In 2018, the unemployment rate was 6.9% (113th in the
world), the human development index was 0.847 (41st in the world).
In 2017, the volume of exports amounted to 59.3 billion dollars,
imports - 78.3 billion dollars, the negative balance of foreign trade -
19 billion dollars. Exports are dominated by engineering products (up to
30%), including cars (4.2% ) and spare parts for them (4.1%); petroleum
products (4.7%), footwear and clothing; wines, tobacco products,
medicines, rubber and plastics are also exported. The main export
trading partners are Spain, France, Germany and the UK. Imported - crude
oil, machinery, spare parts, electronic components, vehicles, metals,
chemicals and other raw materials. Main trading partners for imports:
Spain, Germany, France, Italy.
Thanks to the growth of exports in
the II quarter. In 2013, the growth of the Portuguese economy was the
strongest among the EU countries: GDP increased by 1.1% compared to the
first quarter; prior to this, the economy had been in recession for 10
consecutive quarters.
The country has a high income level.
The Keitz index (the ratio between the minimum and average wages in
the country) in Portugal as of the fourth quarter of 2019 (average -
1418 euros, minimum - 700 euros) is 49.4%. From January 1, 2020, the
minimum wage in Portugal is 740.83 euros. From January 1, 2021, the
minimum wage in Portugal is 775.83 euros.
Transport
Trains, buses, trams, cars, metro. TAP
Air Portugal operates flights to Eastern Europe.
Since 1900, Portugal's population in millions, natural
increase per 1,000 people, migration gain (per 1,000 people) and total
fertility rate (2.1 population replacement level).
According to
the preliminary results of the 2021 census published by the National
Institute of Statistics in July 2021, 10,347,892 people live in Portugal
- 4,917,794 men (48%) and 5,430,098 women (52%). Since the previous
census (2011), the country's population has decreased by 214 28 people
(2%). As of July 2021, the population of Portugal is 10,263,850
according to The World Factbook.
Population dynamics of Portugal
1911 - 5.97 million people.
1920 - 6.03 million people.
1930 -
6.82 million people.
1940 - 7.72 million people.
1950 - 8.51
million people.
1960 - 8.85 million people.
1970 - 8.65 million
people.
1981 - 9.83 million people.
1991 - 9.86 million people
2001 - 10.35 million people
2011 - 10.56 million people
2021 -
10.35 million people
As of 2019, the United Nations estimated
that 888,162 immigrants lived in Portugal, or 8.7% of the country's
population.
The age structure of the population of Portugal as of
2020: 0-14 years old - 13.58%; 15-64 years old - 65.5%; 65 years and
older - 20.92%. The average age of the population of Portugal according
to The World Factbook for 2020 was 44.6 years (13th in the world),
including 42.7 years for men and 46.5 years for women. The ratio of the
number of men and women: the entire population - 0.9 (2020). Average
life expectancy of the population of Portugal as of 2021: total - 81.29
years; men - 78.14 years; women - 84.6 years. As of 2021, the birth rate
is 8.02 newborns per 1,000 inhabitants (220th in the world). The total
fertility rate (TFR) is 1.42 births per woman. Due to the demographic
aging of the population, the mortality rate is steadily increasing; as
of 2021, the mortality rate is 10.9 deaths per 1,000 people (21st in the
world). As of 2021, the net migration rate in Portugal is relatively low
at 0.62 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants (67th in the world). As of 2019,
the average age of a woman at first birth in Portugal is 29.9 years
(compared to the Republic of Korea, the country with the lowest TFR in
the world, 0.84 births per woman in 2020, the average age of a woman at
first birth in 2019 year was 32.2 years).
Portugal is a country with a single state official
language - Portuguese. It is spoken by more than 200 million people
worldwide on three continents: Eurasia, Africa and South America.
Portuguese is similar to Spanish, as both belong to the Ibero-Romance
subgroup of the Romance language group, but with a similar grammatical
structure, there are significant differences in pronunciation between
them. The formation of the language was greatly influenced by the
Germanic tribes and the Arabs (Moors), from whom the Portuguese language
borrowed many words, as well as the contacts of travelers, discoverers
and merchants with Asian peoples.
In addition, the status of the
official language of Portugal since 1999 has Mirandese, which is spoken
by the population of a small area in northeastern Portugal (the
municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, Mogadoro). Its use is very
limited.
Portugal has a high level of English proficiency.
About 90% of the population of the country professes
Catholicism. Catholicism in Portugal has always been associated with
local traditions, the population honored the memory of many popular
local saints, whose memorable days are celebrated solemnly, like church
holidays. The village of Fatima, where the Virgin Mary is believed to
have appeared to three children in 1917, has become a popular pilgrimage
site.
The first Protestant community in Portugal arose in the
17th century among British subjects. The preaching of Protestantism
among the Portuguese began only in the 19th century. As of 2010, 373,000
Protestants lived in Portugal. The largest Protestant denomination in
the country is made up of Pentecostals and Charismatics
(Neo-Pentecostals) (289,000).
Over the past 25 years, in
connection with mass labor migration from Eastern European countries,
the number of Orthodox Christians has noticeably increased in Portugal
(60-80 thousand). Another 135 thousand Portuguese are followers of
various pseudo-Christian religious organizations; primarily Jehovah's
Witnesses and Mormons.
Among the foreigners and migrant workers
living in the country there are Buddhists (60 thousand), Muslims (26-65
thousand), Hindus (6.5 thousand), supporters of the Chinese folk
religion (22 thousand). During the 2011 general census, 615 thousand
inhabitants of Portugal (6.8% of the population) identified themselves
as non-religious).
Army, Navigation (Portuguese Navy, including Naval
Command), Air Force (Portuguese Air Force - FAP), National Republican
Guard (GNR). Volunteers can enter military service from the age of 18,
since universal compulsory military service was abolished in 2004. Women
have been allowed to serve in the military forces of Portugal, in the
navy since 1993, but are prohibited from being in any combat specialties
(2005 order).
Citizens for the armed forces: men (16-49 years
old) - 2,573,913; women (16-49) - 2,498,262.
Citizens fit for service
in the armed forces of Portugal: men (16-49) - 2,099,647; women (16-49)
- 2,060,559.
Every year, the number of citizens of the Portuguese
Armed Forces increases by 64,910 men (aged 16 to 49) and 58,599 women
(aged 16 to 49).
Military spending is 2.3% of annual GDP.
Literature
Of Portuguese origin is "Amadis of Gali"
- one of the most famous chivalric novels of the late Middle Ages, which
has come down to us in the later Spanish alterations of the 16th
century.
Among the most famous and significant works of the
Renaissance in Portuguese literature, one can note the epic poem "The
Lusiads" (1572) by Luis de Camões. This is the first work describing
geographical discoveries. Other prominent Portuguese poets of the time
include Sa de Miranda. A great contribution to the development of the
Portuguese theater of the 16th century was made by the playwright Gil
Vicente, who is also considered the founder of Spanish drama.
The
greatest representative of Portuguese literature of the 19th century was
the realist writer José Maria Esa de Queiroz. Among the Portuguese
authors of the 20th century are the symbolist Eugenio de Castro, the
mystic and impressionist Raul Brandan, Venceslau de Morais, the
religious symbolists António Correia d'Oliveira and Afonso Lopes Vieira,
and the modernist Fernando Pessoa.
After the fall of the monarchy
in 1910, the differentiation of the bourgeois intelligentsia took place.
The extreme right flank is occupied by Antonio Sardinha, Manuel Ribeiro,
Teixeira de Pasquais, Jaime Cortezan, Alberto Monzarash. In opposition -
the literary direction of the ultra-left and pacifist attitude. Its
representatives are Aquilino Ribeiro, Pino de Morais, Ezequiel de
Campos. Peasant ideology is represented by Raul Brandan, Samuel Mapa,
Ippolita Repoza, António Ferru.
The brightest phenomenon in
Portuguese literature of the 20th century was the work of José Saramago.
A member of the once outlawed Communist Party of Portugal, Saramago has
consistently leaned to the left. His phantasmagoric prose is filled with
the idea of universal equality and deep humanism. The author’s
anti-clerical views have repeatedly provoked fierce accusations from the
Catholic Church, which did not prevent him from becoming the Nobel Prize
in Literature in 1998 after the publication of the novel The Gospel of
Jesus.
Music
The basis of culture, including music, of the
Portuguese is the Romanesque culture, which, during the formation and
development of the Portuguese state, was influenced by many cultural
components introduced both by the conquerors of the Portuguese lands and
by the peoples of the vast possessions captured by the Portuguese. The
music of Portugal has a common origin with the music of Spain and has
developed over the centuries in interaction with it, while being
distinguished by its bright originality.
The most widespread song
genre is fado (solo lyrical song), which plays an important role in the
national self-identification of the Portuguese, as it draws a clear line
between the bright and lively Spanish rhythms, representing the
exuberant and harsh Spanish character, and the soft and melancholy soul
of the Portuguese people.
Salvador Sobral won Eurovision 2017
with the song Amar pelos dois.
Art
Portugal has never been a
leading European power in the field of fine arts. Even during the
Renaissance, at the height of the country, Portuguese artists, the
largest of whom was Nuno Gonçalves, remained on the periphery of
European development. In the 19th century, the most notable
representatives of Portuguese painting and, in fact, the founders of the
modern national artistic tradition were José Malloa, José Julio de Sousa
Pinto and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro. The most famous Portuguese artist
is considered to be Amadeu de Sousa-Cardoso, who died at the age of 30,
who received an art education in France and worked in avant-garde
painting styles.
Sport
The most popular sport is football.
Cristiano Ronaldo is considered one of the greatest players. Portugal
national football team won the European Football Championship 2016.
Football clubs: Porto, Benfica, Sporting.
Cuisine
Portugal is
the birthplace of Port and Madeira.
New Year - January 1;
Carnival Tuesday -
February/March, the day before Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent;
Good Friday - March/April, Friday in Holy Week;
Freedom Day - April
25, the anniversary of the 1974 revolution;
Labor Day - May 1;
Feast of Corpus Christi - May / June, the ninth Thursday after Easter;
Portugal Day - June 10;
Feast of the Assumption of the Virgin -
August 15;
Republic Day - October 5, the anniversary of the
proclamation in 1910 of the Republic of Portugal;
All Saints Day -
November 1;
Independence Day - December 1, the anniversary of the
declaration of independence from Spain in 1640;
Feast of the
Immaculate Conception - December 8;
Christmas - December 25
Press
Jornal de Notícias
Correio da Manhã
Archived May 3, 2008 at the Wayback Machine - Curreio da Manhã
Diario
de Notícias Archived December 13, 2006 at the Wayback Machine - Diario
de Notícias
Expresso Archived April 24, 2006 at the Wayback Machine -
Espresso
Publico Archived May 16, 2008 at the Wayback Machine -
Public
Jornal de Coimbra Archived June 7, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
— Jornal de Coimbra
Broadcasting
Television and radio
broadcasting in Portugal is divided into public, commercial, in
addition, in Portugal there is an element of state television and radio
broadcasting in the form of the parliamentary television channel ARtv.
The public broadcaster - RTP (Rádio e Televisão de Portugal - Radio and
Television of Portugal), broadcasts on the 1st (RTP1) and 2nd TV channel
(RTP2) and through 3 radio stations (Antena 1, Antena 2 and Antena 3).
Commercial broadcasters are SIC and TVI. Compliance with media laws is
controlled by the Independent General Council (Conselho Geral
Independente) for public broadcasters and by the Social Communications
Regulatory Authority (Entidade Reguladora para a Comunicação Social)
(formerly the Higher Directorate of Social Communications (Alta
Autoridade para a Comunicação Socia)) for commercial broadcasters. .
Depending on the method of signal distribution, television in
Portugal is divided into terrestrial, cable, satellite and IPTV, radio
broadcasting is only terrestrial, public radio stations can broadcast
via terrestrial, cable, satellite television and IPTV, in common
multiplexes with public television channels, in addition, there are
several Internet -radio stations, on-air broadcasting is carried out in
the analog standard on VHF, in the version of VHF OIRT, Antena 1 also on
CB and the digital DAB standard on MW.