The Ryazan Region is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation
in the European part of Russia, part of the Central Federal District.
Administrative center: the city of Ryazan.
In the north it
borders on the Vladimir Region, in the northeast on the Nizhny Novgorod
Region, in the east on the Republic of Mordovia, in the southeast on the
Penza Region, in the south on the Tambov and Lipetsk Regions, in the
west on the Tula Region and in the northwest on the Moscow Region. area.
Formed on September 26, 1937.
On March 12, 1958, she was
awarded the Order of Lenin for the successes achieved in the development
of the national economy.
Administratively, the region is divided into 25 districts: Ermishinsky, Zakharovsky, Kadomsky, Kasimovsky, Klepikovsky, Korabinsky, Miloslavsky, Mikhailovsky, Novoderevensky, Pitelinsky, Pronsky, Putyatinsky, Rybnovsky, Ryazhsky, Ryazansky, Sapozhkovsky, Saraevsky, Sasovsky, Skopinsky, Spassky, Starozhilovsky, Ukholovsky , Chuchkovsky, Shatsky, Shilovsky districts
Ryazan is the administrative center of the
region
Gus-Zhelezny
Kasimov
Mikhaylov
Rybnoe
Ryazhsk
Sasovo
Skopin
Spas-Klepiki
Spassk-Ryazansky
Shatsk
The village of Konstantinovo (the
birthplace of Sergei Yesenin)
Meshchyorsky National Park
Oksky Nature Reserve
Pronsky lands - an area
south of Ryazan around ancient Pronsk; includes Pronsky, Starozhilovsky
and Korablinsky districts
Russian and Tatar languages are widespread. Moreover, the latter is mainly in the northeast (on the territory of the former Kasimov Khanate).
By plane
There are no operating airports in the Ryazan region. The
nearest international airports are in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod.
By train
Federal routes to the Urals, the Caspian Sea and the
south of the country, as well as an international highway to Central
Asia, pass through the Ryazan region. Passenger long-distance trains,
passing from Moscow through the Ryazan region, depart from the Kazan
station.
By bus
Interregional routes from Ryazan to Moscow,
Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Tambov, Belgorod. From Moscow to
Ryazan can be reached by bus number 960. The bus station in Ryazan is
located at the address: Moskovskoye highway, 31. There are regular bus
services from Moscow (from the Schelkovo bus station) to most regional
centers of the region.
By car
There are quite a few roads. The
main route from the Moscow region is the M5 Ural highway, as well as:
Moscow region: continuation of the Egoryevskoye highway P105
(through Spas-Klepiki to Kasimov);
Nizhny Novgorod region: Р125 from
Kasimov via Murom.
Vladimir region: P73 from Ryazan (via
Gus-Khrustalny) and P125 from Kasimov to Murom.
On the ship
There is currently no regular passenger service on the Oka. Tourist
boats run along it from time to time.
In the south of the region, common vipers live, the bite of which is fatal to a person if he does not receive first aid.
The Ryazan region is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in a depression between the Central Russian and Volga uplands in the central part of the Russian Plain. It stretches for 220 kilometers from north to south and for 259 kilometers from west to east. The distance from the Moscow ring road to the regional border is 147 km. The time in the region is Moscow (UTC+3).
In the northern part there is the Meshcherskaya lowland (120–125 m), dissected along the border with the Vladimir region by the Kasimovskaya moraine ridge (130–136 m); the eastern part of the region in the meridional direction, in the southwest - the spurs of the Central Russian Upland (height up to 236 m). The lowest altitude mark is located on the banks of the Oka near the border with the Vladimir region - 76 meters.
Significant reserves of high-quality peat lie in the humid flat north
of the region and east of the Moksha and Tsna rivers. 1,062 deposits
have been explored with total reserves of 222 million tons.
In
the bowels of the southwestern part of the region there are layers of
brown coal from the coal basin near Moscow. 23 deposits of brown coal
have been explored with total reserves of 301.6 million tons. The
largest available reserves are in the Skopinsky district. Coal mining
has been carried out since the middle of the 19th century (in 1903, the
mines produced more than 144 thousand tons of fuel) and completely
stopped in 1989.
Sapropel reserves in 52 reservoirs amount to 81
million m³.
The region has explored deposits of phosphorites,
gypsum, brown iron ore (of low quality in the Kasimov region), glass and
quartz sands in the Miloslavsky and Kasimovsky districts.
From
non-metallic minerals, 25 deposits of clays and loams (reserves 160
million m³), 19 deposits of building sands (116 million m³), 4 deposits
of carbonate rocks for building lime (118 thousand m³), cement
limestones in the Mikhailovsky district, deposits of marl.
The climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in January is −10.6 °С, in July +19.7 °С. Precipitation is about 550 mm per year, maximum in summer, 25-30% of all precipitation falls in the form of snow. The growing season lasts about 180 days. There are six meteorological stations of Roshydromet in the region (current weather by stations). The duration of the heating season is 212 days.
Most of the rivers belong to the Volga basin. The main river of the
region is the Oka with tributaries Pra, Gus, Pronya (with Ranova), Para,
Moksha (with Tsna). In the south of the region there are the sources of
the Voronezh River (the Don basin).
There are many lakes in the
Meshcherskaya lowland. A large group of Klepikovsky lakes stands out
(Great, Ivankovsky, Shagara, Beloe, etc.). There are many oxbow lakes
along the banks of the Oka.
To the north of the Oka, sandy loamy bog-podzolic soils with areas of peat-bog soils predominate, in the east behind the floodplains clayey soddy-podzolic soils prevail, in the southern part of the region gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems and leached on loess-like loams predominate. Extensive areas of alluvial-meadow soils in river valleys are especially favorable for dairy cattle breeding. In the south of the region there are areas of rich black soil.
The Ryazan region is located in the subtaiga (left bank of the Oka)
and forest-steppe (right bank of the Oka) zones. Forests occupy about
1/3 of the territory, they are pine in the northwest, broad-leaved pine
in the north and southeast. In the southwest there are areas of
broad-leaved forests. In the extreme southwest - steppe vegetation.
The total area of the forest fund is 1053 thousand hectares,
including coniferous species - 590 thousand hectares. The total timber
stock is 130 million m³, the allowable cutting area is 1.333 million m³.
More than 1 million m³ of oak grows along the banks of the Oka,
Moksha and Tsna.
Wild boar, common fox, hare, beaver, common squirrel, dormouse, deer
(spotted, noble, maral), roe deer, moles, steppe polecat, otter, raccoon
dog, European mink, American mink, black polecat, bats, hedgehogs,
martens, shrews, shrews, gray wolf, brown bear, hare, badger, Russian
desman, lynx, weasel, ermine, muskrat, Siberian roe deer and others. Of
the rodents - mice, rats, voles, dormouse, speckled ground squirrel,
flying squirrel. ground squirrels, hamsters, jerboas.
From birds
- teals, mallards, gray ducks, falcons, hawks, eagles, white-tailed
eagles, blackbirds, woodpeckers, owls, nightingales, pigeons, turtle
doves, corncrakes, gulls, lapwings, sparrows, crows (raven, gray crow),
rooks, jackdaws, finches, goldfinch, swifts, swallows, nightjars,
magpies, jays, orioles, waxwings, woodcocks, sandpipers, geese, black
and white storks, herons, bullfinches, tits, quails, partridges.
There are 103.5 thousand hectares of specially protected natural areas on the territory of the Ryazan region, including: Meshchersky National Park, Oksky Reserve, 47 reserves, 57 natural monuments.
One of the most important environmental problems is periodic forest
and peat fires in the northeastern regions of the region. High
concentration of pollution of industrial origin in the air of Ryazan,
Mikhailov and Skopin.
In the southwestern territories of the
region, radioactive fallout spread from the accident at the Chernobyl
nuclear power plant fell. These places today are a zone of residence
with a preferential socio-economic status.
The sites of Shatrishche-1 and Shatrishche-2 on
the Middle Oka, Yasakovo belong to the Upper Paleolithic era in the
Ryazan region. The frontal bone of a person found in the Bochar ravine
near the village of Dyadkova (on the eastern outskirts of Ryazan) is
estimated to be 12,750 years old. A fragment of a human skull was also
found in Sterligov in the Shilovsky district.
The sites of
Chernaya Gora, Iberdus 2, Dubrovichi, Vladychinskaya, Shagara-1 belong
to the Neolithic era. Mass graves of people killed 5 thousand years ago
were found on Lake Shagara. A Volosovo treasure of 4 necklaces was found
under a child's skeleton.
In the 3rd-2nd millennia BC, during the
Eneolithic (Copper Age), primitive fishermen of the Volosovo culture
settled here along the river banks. In the Oka basin, during the
Neolithic era, there were monuments of the pit-comb ceramics culture for
a long time.
In the Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC, the
inhabitants of the Ryazan Oka region entered into symbiosis with the
dark-skinned cattle breeders of the Indo-European Fatyanovo culture who
came from the west and roamed the steppes, which led to the emergence of
a mixed agricultural Pozdnyakovo culture of the Bronze Age. Apparently,
the formation of the so-called Ryazan anthropological type of the Pontid
race dates back to this time. On the right bank of the Oka, 6 sites of
the so-called "Shagar culture" have been identified. A representative of
the late stage of the Middle Volga Abashevo culture SN-3 (3557±31 years
before the present) from the site of the Elder Nikitinsky burial ground
was identified as having the Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1b-Z2103.
Archaeological sites containing ceramics of the "Klimentovskaya type"
are dated to the end of the 2nd - middle of the 1st millennium BC.
According to B. A. Folomeev, sites with antiquities of the
Klimentovskaya site type were left by a population that was not included
in the Gorodets culture and continued to preserve a number of traditions
of the earlier culture of mesh ceramics. The Pozdnyakovo culture evolved
into the Gorodets culture (Meshchera), which was around the time of the
arrival of the Slavs (Vyatichi). The Slavs partially assimilated and
partially displaced the local inhabitants.
In burial 525 of the
Borok 2 burial ground near the village of Borok, a bronze Roman
medallion of Emperor Septimius Severus from 194-196 and parts of a belt
diadem were found, which indicates direct contacts between the local
population at the end of the Hunnic period and representatives of the
East Germanic population.
In the area between the upper Volga
along the Oka, almost to its confluence with the Volga and to the upper
Don at the turn of the 2nd-3rd centuries, a phenomenon conventionally
called the Ryazan-Oka impulse takes place. A highly militarized group
invades the middle Oka, which during the 3rd-4th centuries creates the
culture of the Ryazan-Oka burial grounds. From the 5th century, the
rapid spread of Ryazan-Oka tendencies to the described ecumene begins.
This is especially clearly expressed in the appearance of burial grounds
in the territory where they had not been before. The main difference
between the Ryazan-Oka burial ground culture and its neighbors is its
high militarization, and, as a consequence, the presence of items of
prestigious pan-European fashion. An important ethnically indicative
element is the emergence and development of the authentic type of
cross-shaped brooches. It is noteworthy that throughout the dependent
ecumene there are finds of imitations of these fibulae, which also
outlines the boundaries of the "provinces". In the area of the town of
Spassk-Ryazansky and the village of Staraya Ryazan near the Pronya
River, archaeologists from the State Historical Museum found Ryazan-Oka
burials dating back one and a half thousand years. Traces of the
material culture of the Ryazan-Oka people indicate their connection with
the Germanic tribes of the Goths, who migrated across the Don to Western
Europe at the beginning of the 1st millennium. The heads of the
Ryazan-Oka clans wore crowns almost the same as the early Gothic kings.
It is possible that the local tribes were in a military alliance with
the Goths, which allowed them to seize Eastern European lands. On the
banks of the Oka there are mass graves of the Gorodets culture, from
which the Mordvin tribes descended. The barbarically chopped remains of
the bodies and the layer of ash indicate that the locals were brutally
exterminated, and the settlements were burned to the ground. The
newcomers probably captured the entire territory of the Oka region -
from the modern borders of the Moscow region to Kasimov. Pastures for
cattle and hunting grounds extended to the south and north of the Oka
for tens of kilometers. A large trade route ran along the Oka from east
to west. The territory bordered on a zone of continuous forests and
forest-steppe, which created excellent conditions for hunting and cattle
breeding. Probably, the Ryazan-Oka state was not centralized.
Excavations indicate that each section of the river was assigned to a
separate community, which had its own family cemetery and sanctuary. It
is strange that the remains of the dwellings themselves have not been
found anywhere. Perhaps the Ryazan-Oka people led a nomadic lifestyle
and therefore did not build long-term housing.
The temples and
burial grounds were usually located in open areas of the coast, from
where a beautiful view opened up. Apparently, the conquerors of the
ancient Ryazan region held pagan rites here, accompanied by ritual meals
- archaeologists found shards of clay pottery at the sites of the
sanctuaries. Unlike the ancient Russian tribes, the Ryazan-Oka people
buried their dead in sand dunes. The remains have not survived to this
day, but oblong gray traces remained in the sand. During excavations at
the burial sites, artifacts were found - fragments of swords, fragments
of chain mail, and nearby - horse bones and long, dark women's braids.
Women warriors were buried here. According to historians, the Ryazan-Oka
Amazons fought in battles on an equal basis with men starting in the
4th-5th centuries. They were buried with weapons and horses (or a horse
bridle). The age of such burials is dated only to the end of the 7th
century - after that, the warriors, apparently, returned to traditional
female occupations. It is possible that the Amazons lived in separate
communities and gave birth to children from men from neighboring tribes,
where they then sent their sons to be raised. The upper-class warrior
from the burial in the Undrikh 2015 burial ground, pit 90 on the shore
of the floodplain lake Undrikh on the left bank of the Tyrnitsa River,
dating back to the end of the 5th century, was determined to have
features of the Mediterranean anthropological type. The Ryazan-Oka
people from Undrikh were determined to have Y-chromosomal haplogroups
N-Z4908 (n=2), J-PF5008, R-CTS3402, N-Y23785.
In relatively
recent times, local residents arranged cemeteries on the banks of the
Oka, although traditionally in Rus' it was customary to bury near
churches. In addition, there were family cemeteries where people from
these places were buried, wherever they met their end. One of these
cemeteries is located on a cape near the old Ryazan settlement, where
archaeologists excavated the Ryazan-Oka sanctuary.
The
Khrushchevo-Tyrnovo treasure of 228 silver Kufic coins (dirhams), found
near the Istya River near the village of Khrushchevo-Tyrnovo in the
Starozhilovsky district, is dated by the youngest coins to the second
half of the 870s.
The Zheleznitsky (sometimes Zaraysky) silver
treasure is dated to the second half of the 9th century. The ray
earrings (temple rings) from Suprut and the Zheleznitsky treasure, found
near the village of Zheleznitsa on the Osetra River, belong to the
second stage of development, during which there was an active search for
new forms and combinations of elements, as evidenced by the diversity of
types of jewelry. The early radial temporal rings, which served as
prototypes for the seven-rayed and seven-bladed ornaments of the
Radimichi and Vyatichi, are of Danubian origin.
During the Old Russian period, the powerful Great Ryazan Principality
was formed here - one of the largest state formations of Ancient Rus. At
the Slavic burial ground in Alekanovo, an undeciphered Alekanovo
inscription was discovered on clay shards, dating back to the 10th-11th
centuries. The Northern settlement (the oldest part of Old Ryazan) arose
in the 11th century. The Isad treasure, found in 2021, dates back to the
end of the 11th - first half of the 12th century.
Under 1147, the
Nikon Chronicle mentions the city of Voino: "near the city of Voin in
Rezan".
The city of Glebov was founded in 1159.
The
discovery of layers from the second half of the 12th century in the
strata of the Zhitny excavation confirms the hypothesis, based solely on
the presence of "kurgan" type ceramics, that Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky arose
a century and a half before its first mention in the chronicle (1300).
More than 30 lead seals of the Drogichin type were found in Ryazan
(Sakor-gory on Borkovsky Island). A. L. Mongait wrote about the
Drogichin type seals from Old Ryazan as a commodity accessory, but then
linked them with the process of branding bundles of fur money, which was
described by the 12th century Arab traveler al-Garnati. In 1185 and
1207, Ryazan (Old) was ravaged by the Vladimir prince Vsevolod III the
Big Nest. In 1208, Old Ryazan and Belgorod-Ryazansky were burned by him.
All the "evil" and "guilty" were executed, the Ryazan boyars were
arrested and taken into captivity, women, children and "goods" were
taken away and sent to the cities of the Vladimir principality. Two
years later, Vsevolod allowed the surviving residents of Old Ryazan to
return to the ashes.
During the princely congress in Isady in
1217, the conspirators Gleb and Konstantin Vladimirovich killed 6 Ryazan
and Pronsk princes: Izyaslav Mikhail, Rostislav, Svyatoslav, Roman and
Gleb. However, the fratricide did not benefit the conspirators, since
Prince Ingvar Igorevich, who ascended the Ryazan throne after the death
of his relatives, did not come to Isady.
The heroic defense of
Ryazan (Old) from the hordes of Batu in 1237 and the feat of the Ryazan
voivode Evpatiy Kolovrat entered the Russian epic (The Tale of the
Destruction of Ryazan by Batu).
After the destruction of Old
Ryazan, the capital and then cathedral functions were transferred to
Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky. Pereyaslavl, according to its name, "adopted the
glory of Ryazan" by the 14th century.
In 1378, in the immediate
vicinity of Glebovo, a battle took place on the Vozha River between the
Russian army under the command of Dmitry Donskoy and the army of the
Golden Horde under the command of Murza Begich.
One birch bark
letter was found at the "Mokrii" excavation site in the Old Ryazan
settlement and at the Vvedensky excavation site in the Kremlin of
Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky (modern Ryazan).
After the Mongol invasion,
the Ryazan Principality continued to be the main southern outpost of
Rus'. This characteristic feature of the geographical location made
Ryazan an advanced border military region - any attack coming from the
southern steppes first fell on the Ryazan lands. However, this not only
did not weaken, but also significantly strengthened the position of the
principality in the ancient political arena, forcing the Ryazan princes
to choose a flexible state strategy. For example, the Grand Duke Oleg
Ivanovich Ryazansky, later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church,
skillfully maneuvered in the military conflict between Moscow, Lithuania
and the Horde, strengthening the position of his state. To this day,
historians do not have a clear opinion about his contribution to the
history of Rus'. In 1513, the Crimean Tatars raided the outskirts of
Ryazan: "In the year 7021, the Crimean people came to the Ryazan
Ukraine."
Only in 1521, that is, the very last of the Eastern Russian lands,
the Ryazan Principality became part of the unified Russian state. Moscow
Prince Vasily II settled the Kasimov Tatars on the territory of the
region, who received autonomy within Russia - the Kasimov Khanate (with
its center in Meshchersky Gorodets). In the 16th-17th centuries, the
inhabitants of Ryazan took part in the colonization of the territories
of the Voronezh, Lipetsk and Tambov regions, creating border outposts
there.
During the Time of Troubles, the Ryazan boyar Prokopy
Lyapunov contributed to the transition of the region to the side of
False Dmitry I, and then to the Bolotnikov uprising. However, since
1606, the Ryazan region became one of the strongholds of Tsar Vasily
Shuisky. After the surrender of Moscow to the Poles in 1611, the first
people's militia began to form in Ryazan.
In 1708, Peter I
included the territory of Ryazan in the Moscow province. In 1778,
Catherine II created a separate Ryazan province, Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky
was renamed Ryazan. The Ryazan province also included the adjacent
territories of the Moscow (Yegorevsky district) and Lipetsk regions.
In 1866, the Ryazan-Kozlovskaya railway was built and opened.
The Ryazan province was among the 17 regions recognized as having
suffered greatly during the famine of 1891-1892.
In 1918, infantry courses for the command staff of the Workers' and
Peasants' Red Army were established in Ryazan, which later (by 1964)
became the Airborne Forces School.
By the decree of the Presidium
of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 14, 1929, the
Ryazan province was abolished, its territory became part of the Central
Industrial Region.
On August 3, 1936, a forest fire destroyed the
settlement of Kursha-2 in Meshchera. Almost the entire population of the
settlement perished, as well as prisoners working in logging, and Red
Army soldiers sent to extinguish the fire.
On September 26, 1937,
the Ryazan region appeared on the map of the RSFSR, which was separated
from the Moscow region.
During the Great Patriotic War, only the
southwestern regions of the Ryazan region (Mikhailov, Skopin) were
occupied by German troops. In November 1941, 7.5% of the region's
territory was occupied, which was invaded by units of General G.
Guderian's 2nd Tank Army in the final weeks of the defensive phase of
the Battle of Moscow. But already in the last days of November, the Red
Army (primarily the 10th Army of General F. I. Golikov) launched a
series of powerful counterattacks (during one of them, on November 26,
the city of Skopin, captured by the enemy the day before, was
recaptured), and in early December they launched a decisive
counteroffensive and completed the liberation of the Ryazan Region by
the middle of the month. The losses of Soviet troops in the Ryazan
Region during the defensive and offensive battles of 1941 were:
irrecoverable losses - 5,445 people, sanitary losses - 3,487, total -
8,932 people. A number of points that the Nazis did not reach were
subjected to air strikes (Ryazan, Rybnoye station, etc.). The region's
economy suffered significant damage.
In 1949, the Ryazan Machine
Tool Plant was built.
In 1974, the Ryazan State District Power
Plant was commissioned.
In the post-Soviet period, a negative
demographic situation emerged in the Ryazan region, caused mainly by the
high level of urbanization. From 1995 to 2005, the region's population
decreased by 150 thousand people.
According to the contribution to the region's GDP for 2005 (84.8
billion rubles), the following stand out: manufacturing - 22.6%,
production and distribution of electricity, gas, water - 5.9%, wholesale
and retail trade - 19.7%, agriculture - 12.8%, transport and
communications - 12.3%.
The volume of gross regional product (in
basic prices) for 2006 amounted to 103.2 billion rubles: 29.7% -
industrial production, 19.5% - wholesale and retail trade, repair of
vehicles, motorcycles, household products and personal items , 12.7% -
transport and communications, 12.0% - agriculture, hunting and forestry,
5.3% - construction. In the structure of the gross regional product, the
share of the sphere of material production is 47%, the service sector -
53%.
The foreign trade turnover of the Ryazan region in 2008 amounted to
more than 3.5 billion dollars, which is 1.8 times higher than the
corresponding indicator of 2007. Over 83% of this amount is exported. In
terms of value, among the exported goods, the leaders are: products of
the fuel and energy complex (gas and other oil products), machinery,
machine tools and instrumentation, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,
and the leather industry. Currently, the region trades with 80 states of
near and far abroad. Among the countries - consumers of products, the
main partners are: the Netherlands (28%), the USA (23%), Latvia (13%),
Estonia, Singapore and Italy, 5% each.
The foreign trade turnover
of the Ryazan region in 2015 amounted to 871.7 million dollars. Compared
to 2014, the amount decreased by 19.5%
The banking sector of the Ryazan region, as of April 25, 2019, is
represented by nineteen branches whose parent banks are located outside
the region, including Rosselkhozbank JSC, represented in the region by
20 branches of the Bank in 17 regions. The Ryazan regional branch was
opened in 2002. Over 17 years of work, more than 103 billion rubles have
been invested in the region's economy, of which more than 85 billion
rubles have been invested in the agro-industrial complex. The total loan
portfolio of the Ryazan branch of the RSHB as of April 25, 2019 exceeds
23.5 billion rubles. More than 138 thousand clients use the bank's
services.
Large independent credit organizations are represented
in the region (Prio-Vneshtorgbank, Municipal Bank named after S.
Zhivago, Rinvestbank, Vyatich), 25 branches of Sberbank of Russia
The region is an old industrial region with a diversified complex.
The main industrial centers are the cities of Ryazan, Mikhailov, Skopin,
Kasimov, Sasovo
In the sectoral structure of industrial
production, a large share falls on mechanical engineering and
metalworking, significant shares are oil refining, electric power,
production of building materials and the food industry. The most
important industries are oil refining and electric power industry.
Among the largest enterprises in the region is the Ryazan Oil
Refining Company Joint-Stock Company (RNPC JSC), with a processing
capacity of 18.8 million tons of oil per year. The plant produces
high-quality automotive and straight-run gasolines, diesel fuels,
aviation kerosene, boiler fuels (fuel oil), road and construction
bitumen, and lubricating oils. The company is part of the holding of
PJSC NK Rosneft.
In the south-west of the region there is a
complex for the production of building materials - the Serebryansky
cement plant of the BaselCement holding and the Mikhailovsky cement
plant of the Eurocement group. Skopinsky glass factory and pottery
factory were opened in Skopin. The production and processing of leather,
non-ferrous (Kasimov, Ryazan and Skopin) and powder metallurgy, and the
production of chemical fibers have been established in the region.
Sasovo has large enterprises for the production of dairy products,
as well as the Sasta machine-tool plant, which produced parts for
spacecraft in 2022.
The main volume of manufactured and shipped
industrial products is provided by manufacturing enterprises (81%) and
enterprises for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and
water (18%). The share of mining is 1% of the total industrial output of
the region.
Automotive components and assemblies are produced in
the region (Skopinsk and Ryazan auto-aggregate plants), radio
electronics (Ryazan radio plant, the plant of calculating and analytical
machines, the Krasnoye Znamya plant), metal-cutting machines (Ryazan
machine-tool plant). The Torfmash plant produces municipal and peat
harvesting equipment, Tyazhpressmash produces forging and pressing
equipment. Enterprises for the production of vans, boards, trailers and
tow trucks: Tsentrtranstekhmash, Metkompleks, Vesta; gas equipment -
"Gazkomplektservis", ventilation systems - "Era".
As of the beginning of 2021, 6 thermal power plants with a total
capacity of 3715.2 MW were operated in the Ryazan region. In 2020, they
produced 4247 million kWh of electricity.
Several power plants
operate in the region. The largest - Ryazanskaya GRES (2710 MW) and
GRES-24 (420 MW) in the city of Novomichurinsk (both are part of OGK-2),
Novo-Ryazanskaya (400 MW) and Dyagilevskaya (110 MW) combined heat and
power plants are part of the Kvadra holding and are located in the city
of Ryazan. There is a small generation in the form of two gas turbine
power plants in Sasov and Kasimov with a capacity of 18 MW each. The
total capacity of the region's power plants is 3.676 GW.
The
total productivity of boiler plants is 4800 Gcal/h, incl. in Ryazan
there are 108 boiler houses with a total heat output of 310 Gcal/h
(2005).
In 2006, 12.6 billion kWh of electricity was generated
(internal consumption is about 5 billion kWh), and 10 million Gcal of
thermal energy was supplied.
The agro-industrial complex of the region includes 315 agricultural enterprises of various forms of ownership, 2538 farms, more than 200 enterprises of the food and processing industry. In total, the complex employs more than 32 thousand people.
The leading branch of agriculture is dairy and meat cattle breeding.
Cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep are bred. Tribal horse breeding (2 stud
farms).
In 2021, farms of all categories produced 557.5 thousand
tons of raw milk, which is 8.3% more than in 2020 and is the highest
result over the past 25 years. The largest volumes of raw milk were
produced in agricultural organizations of the Ryazan, Shatsk, Rybnovsky,
Pitelinsky, Aleksandro-Nevsky and Kasimovsky regions. The average milk
yield per cow in 2021 was 8541 kg, which is 576 kg more than a year
earlier. The leaders among the districts are: Pitelinsky - 10,913 kg per
cow, Chuchkovsky - 10,484 kg, Shatsky - 10,229 kg, Kasimovsky - 9,588 kg
and Pronsky - 9,097 kg. The average milk yield per cow in the Ryazan
region is 16% higher than the average Russian level and 8% higher than
the average milk yield in the Central Federal District. At the same
time, not only the quantity, but also the quality of milk is growing.
For 7 years, 27 investment projects have been implemented in the Ryazan
region for the construction of livestock complexes in the amount of
almost 15 billion rubles and the total number of dairy herds is more
than 26 thousand heads. The construction of new farms made it possible
to increase milk production in the Ryazan region over 7 years (from 2014
to 2021) by more than 1.5 times - by 53%.
As of April 1, 2022,
there were 171,730 heads of cattle (+0.6%) in farms of all categories,
including 71,497 cows (+0.6%), 334,421 pigs (+35.3%), 46,064 sheep and
goats (-3.9%).
The breeding base of the region in dairy cattle
breeding is represented by 15 farms: 4 breeding plants and 11 breeding
reproducers. The breed composition of cattle in breeding farms is mainly
represented by two breeds - black-and-white and Holstein. All animals
are purebred and belong to the elite record and elite class. All
breeding farms use automated zootechnical accounting - the program AWP
"Selex". As of January 1, 2020, the number of dairy cattle in breeding
farms is 49 thousand heads, including 21 thousand cows, thus, the share
of breeding dairy cattle is 35.2%.
Beef cattle breeding is a
developing industry and is represented by:
LLC SHP "Moloko-Tyrnovo"
of the Pronsky district - cultivation of the Aberdeen-Angus breed.
LLC "Invest-Agro" of the Rybnovsky district - cultivation of the Kalmyk
breed of cattle.
KFH Izekeev E.A. (Rybnovsky district) - cultivation
of the Kazakh white-headed breed of cattle.
Ryazan Pig Complex JSC
and Verdazernoprodukt LLC are breeding farms: the first for the large
white breed of pigs, the second for the Landrace breed. Carry out the
implementation of breeding and hybrid F1 pigs up to 1000 heads
quarterly, bio-products from highly productive boars-producers.
The main enterprise for the production of chicken eggs is Okskoye JSC of
the Ryazan region, where 894.2 million chicken eggs were produced in
2019 - 92.2% of the total egg production in the region.
Barley, wheat, rye, oats, fodder crops, sugar beets, fruits and
berries are grown in the region.
The Ryazan region is the leader
in Russia in terms of buckwheat yield, yielding only to the Omsk region
with an indicator of 12.9 centners per hectare.
In 2020, the
harvest of grain crops without corn as of November 6 is 2 million 745
thousand tons. Corn for grain harvested from 68% of the area, received
120 thousand tons of grain. As of November 6, 82.9 thousand tons of
soybeans were received. The grain harvest of 2020 was a record for the
entire history of the region.
In 2021, grain crops will be
harvested on an area of 673 thousand hectares in the Ryazan region, plus
24.9 thousand hectares - corn for grain. This is the largest area in the
region for more than 20 years. The area of cereals, including corn for
grain, is 16.7 thousand hectares more than last year. In 2020, the
Ryazan region received a record grain harvest in history - 2.9 million
tons.
The total land fund of agricultural enterprises,
organizations and citizens engaged in agricultural production is 2556.2
thousand hectares, of which farmland occupies 2328.5 thousand hectares,
arable land - 1470.6 thousand hectares, fodder land - 813.5 thousand
hectares.
Ryazan is known for its apples such as Antonovka, Bogatyr and other
winter varieties of apples. During the Soviet period, apples were grown
in every district of the Ryazan region, and in most areas, at least two
horticultural farms were engaged in this. Fruits, vegetables, berries
went mainly to Moscow and the Urals.
As of 01/01/2019, the area
of perennial plantings in the horticultural farms of the region is
1620.3 hectares, including:
seed orchards - 1361.5 hectares, of which
419 hectares are fruit-bearing and 232 hectares are young
berries -
258.8 ha, of which 222.3 ha are in fruit-bearing age and 36.5 ha are
young.
The main share of fruits and berries falls on the households,
where 82.9% of the total gross harvest is produced. In 2018, the gross
harvest of fruits and berries in all categories of farms amounted to
20.6 thousand tons, including 2.4 thousand tons in agricultural
organizations.
The region is located within the Moscow region coal basin. Brown coal (black lignite) and peat, glass and building sands, refractory (refractory) and low-melting clays, as well as non-metallic resources are common on the territory of the region.
Two federal highways pass through the territory: the M5 "Ural" and M6 "Caspian" highways. In addition, the P105 Moscow-Kasimov highway and the Nizhny Novgorod-Murom-Kasimov-Tambov route (the P124, P125 and A143 highways) are of particular importance. In 1960, the Big Ryazan Ring was built - a highway connecting the district centers of the region. The total length of highways in the Ryazan region is 8,316 km, including: municipal and departmental - 620 km; public - 7,696 km. The main automobile hubs are Ryazan, Mikhailov Shatsk, Kasimov.
Two important railway lines pass through the region: the "historical"
direction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and two main lines to the
Caucasian Railways (via Pavelets and via Ryazhsk). In addition, the
single-track diesel locomotive section Tula - Ryazhsk - Penza and the
electrified line Rybnoye - Uzunovo are important. In addition to
Shilovo, Sasovo and Ryazan, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway, the
city of Kasimov also has access to the mainline via a single-track line.
The settlement of Tuma has access to the southern direction of the
Trans-Siberian Railway and direct communication with Vladimir.
There are three locomotive depots - Ryazan, Rybnoye and Tumskaya. In
total, there are 40 railway stations and 30 large railway stations in
the region, including the largest oil loading station in Stenkino-2,
with loading of over 600 tanks per day, 2 terminals for processing
large-capacity containers.
The branded train of the Ryazan region
— the express "Sergey Yesenin" — runs daily between Ryazan and Moscow.
There are two narrow-gauge railways in the region — the Meshchersky
and Solotchinsky peat mining enterprises, which were once part of the
historical Ryazan-Vladimir narrow-gauge railway.
The length of
the railways (as of January 1, 2009) is 1,514 km, of which 978 km are
for general use, and 536 km of access roads.
The main air harbor of the region is the military transport airfield Dyagilevo in Ryazan. The second airfield of the city — Turlatovo is currently used by small aircraft. Sasovo has a civil aviation flight school with its own airfield.
There is shipping along the Oka with equipped ports in Ryazan and Kasimov. The list of inland waterways of Russia also includes several oxbow lakes with an outlet to the Oka. The length of inland waterways (as of January 1, 2009) is 729 km.
Oil pipelines pass through the region, feeding Siberian and Volga oil
to the Moscow and Ryazan oil refineries. The pumping volume exceeds 20
million tons/year to OAO AK Transneft.
The region is crossed by
the main gas pipelines "Nizhnyaya Tura - Perm - Gorky - Center" (Tuma
compressor station), "Torbeyevo - Tula" (section of the "Yamburg - Tula"
gas pipeline with the Putyatinskaya and Paveletskaya compressor
stations), "Algasovo - Voskresensk" (section of the "Central Asia -
Center" gas pipeline with the Istye compressor station) and the
historical gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow. There are two underground
natural gas storage facilities in the region: the largest in Europe with
an active volume of 8.5 billion m³ "Kasimovskoye" (near the village of
Telebukino, Kasimovsky District) in the Dankovskoye uplift and the
experimental "Uvyazovskoye" (Shilovsky District) in the Gremyachevsky
uplift of the Oka-Tsninsky swell. Over 24 billion m³ of gas of OAO
Gazprom is transported through the pipes per year. The Kstovsky Oil
Refinery — Ryazan Oil Refinery — Stalnoy Kon (Oryol Region) oil product
pipeline runs through the region, pumping fuel to Belarus, Ukraine, and
for export through the Baltic ports. The pipeline has two branches: a
branch to the Moscow ring oil product pipeline, which also supplies
Moscow airfields, and an adjoining pipeline from the Moscow Oil
Refinery, which transports diesel fuel for export. The volume of oil
products pumped through the region exceeds 5 million tons per year. JSC
Transnefteprodukt.
The Moscow-Volzhskaya HPP 2x500 kV long-haul
power transmission line is in operation (the line connects the power
systems of the center, lower Volga region, and the south); the power
transmission line from the Smolensk NPP is connected to it through the
region's main substation, Mikhailovskaya. JSC FGC UES.
In 2006,
about 5 billion kWh/year were transferred via internal power grids, and
about 7.5 billion kWh/year were sent via trunk lines into the unified
system.
The region is distinguished by the extremely low level of wages of
health workers, which was noted by Prime Minister V. V. Putin in a
conversation with the governor of the region. O. I. Kovalev was forced
to admit that the level of wages of doctors in the Ryazan region is
"shamefully low". The state of health care can be judged, in particular,
by the infant mortality rate, which remains higher than the average for
the Central Federal District (CFD). In 2012, this indicator was 9.8 in
the Ryazan region (the number of children who died before the age of 1
year, per 1000 live births). On average in the Central Federal District
in 2012, it was 7.8 (the average for Russia was 8.6). Of the 18 regions
of the Central Federal District, only the Oryol and Kaluga regions had
worse data (Federal State Statistics Service). Compared to the 2011
data, the region moved from 12th to 16th place (negative dynamics). In
terms of infant mortality, the Ryazan Region is approaching the regions
of Siberia and the Far East, where high mortality is due to difficult
climatic conditions and poorly developed healthcare infrastructure in
sparsely populated areas. According to preliminary data for
January-November 2013, infant mortality in the Ryazan Region decreased
(8.8), but it was still significantly lower than the Russian average
(8.2) and the Central Federal District (7.6). This time, the Ryazan
Region was ahead of only the Tver, Kaluga and Kostroma Regions in the
Central Federal District, sharing 14th-15th place with the Smolensk
Region. Education, Science and Culture
The main educational
institutions of the region train specialists in the fields of pedagogy,
economics and law, public administration, culture and art, radio
engineering, architectural and construction, mechanical engineering,
transport, agricultural and medical branches of the national economy, as
well as combined arms and airborne military specialists, military and
civilian pilots, and police officers. Business incubators and design
bureaus have been opened at universities. There are 31 secondary
specialized educational institutions operating in the region.
Scientific research is conducted in the fields of radio engineering,
medicine and agriculture. Main scientific organizations:
Ryazan
State Instrument-making Plant
Research Institute of Gas-Discharge
Devices "Plasma"
OKB "Spektr" at the Radiotechnical Academy of Ryazan
Research Institute "Rassvet" - a branch of the Research Institute of
Radio Engineering of the ZAO "OKB Plant "Krasnoe Znamya"
KB "Globus"
Scientific and Technical Joint-Stock Enterprise "Neftekhimmashsistemy"
Research Technological Institute
Ryazan Design and Technological
Institute
All-Russian Research Institute of Horse Breeding in the
village of Divovo
Research Institute of Beekeeping in the city of
Rybnoye
Research Institute of Mechanization of Agrochemical and
Logistics Support of Agriculture
Research Institute of Scientific
Research and Design for Technology and Economics of Storage,
Transportation and Mechanization of Application of Mineral Fertilizers
to Soil
As of June 1, 2005, 348 religious organizations are registered and
operating in the Ryazan Region. 311 belongs to the Ryazan
Metropolitanate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Among the monasteries,
the following can be distinguished: Vyshensky Assumption, Solotchinsky
Nativity of the Virgin and Poshchupovsky John the Theologian
Monasteries.
In the Ryazan region, there are parishes of the
Catholic Church, a religious organization of the Armenian Apostolic
Church, 6 organizations of Evangelical Christians-Baptists, 6
organizations of Evangelical Christians, 5 organizations of Seventh-Day
Adventists, 2 organizations of Christians of the Evangelical Faith -
Pentecostals, 4 Jewish religious organizations, 6 Muslim organizations,
including the Centralized Religious Organization of Muslims "Mukhtasibat
of the Ryazan Region", 1 pagan organization and 2 parishes of the
Orthodox Old Believer Church.
The region contains up to 1,200 architectural monuments and over
2,200 archaeological monuments. Among them:
State Historical and
Architectural Museum-Reserve "Ryazan Kremlin"
Museum-Reserve of
Sergei Yesenin in the village of Konstantinovo, Rybnovsky District
Not far from the city of Spassk-Ryazansky is the ancient Russian
settlement of Old Ryazan
Meshchersky National Park
In the lower
reaches of the Pra, on the territory of Spassky District is the Oksky
Biosphere State Reserve
In the city of Ryazan is the climatic resort
Solotcha, on the territory of which there are sanatoriums, children's
camps and recreation centers
Erlinsky Arboretum in Korablinsky
District, where the first arboretum of S. N. Khudekov, the author of a
similar park in Sochi, operates
Near the village of Mikhei in
Sapozhkovsky District there is a source of mineral water and a deposit
of therapeutic mud
Ryazan State Regional Art Museum named after I. P.
Pozhalostin
Museum-Estate of Academician I. P. Pavlov
Museum
history of the youth movement
Museum of the History of the Airborne
Troops
Ryazan Museum of Long-Range Aviation
Pirogov House Museum
in the village of Novosyolki, Rybnovsky District
K. E. Tsiolkovsky
Museum in the village of Izhevskoye, Spassky District
A. S.
Novikov-Priboy Museum in the village of Matveyevskoye, Sasovsky District
In the village of Poshchupovo, Rybnovsky District, on the right bank of
the Oka River, there is the Ioann-Bogoslovsky Poshchupovsky Monastery.
In the city of Kasimov, the Khan's Mosque with a minaret built in 1476.
In December 2018, 17 historical sites of the region, preserved in
their original form to this day, were included in the list of cultural
heritage of the region. Eleven of them are part of the industrial and
estate complex of Fon-Derviz in the village of Kiritsy. The list also
includes the estate of the large merchant Kastrov in Kasimov, the
building of the Bishop's House from the late 17th century, located on
the territory of the Kremlin, and the building of the Skopinskaya Girls'
Progymnasium from the late 19th-early 20th centuries. Experts also
classified several residential buildings in Ryazan and Skopin as
cultural heritage.
The largest stadium in the region, the CSK in the central sports
complex of Ryazan, holds 25,000 spectators. The Ryazan football club
plays in the second division, the Center zone.
The base of the
Ryazan hockey club, which plays in the top hockey league, is the Olympic
Ice Sports Palace. The palace, as part of the sports complex of the same
name, can be transformed into an exhibition, concert or sports ground.
The Ryazan volleyball club plays in the Russian Women's Volleyball
Championship, Major League, Group B. In the 2013-2014 season. took 5th
place among 24 teams.
In the village of Syntul in the Kasimovsky
District there is a federal sports base for the Olympic reserve in
rowing.
The Ryazan Region, together with the Moscow Region (later
Moscow) and the Perm Territory, is the center for the development of
women's football. The women's football club "Ryazan-VDV" became a
three-time champion of Russia in Football following the results of the
2013 season, winning the right to participate in the UEFA Champions
League among women's teams.
In 2010-2011, 28 Ryazan athletes were
part of the Russian national teams in Olympic sports, including:
Volleyball: Anisimova Alexandra;
Rowing and canoeing: Lipkin Nikolai,
Gudimov Dmitry, Kononyuk Artem, Erlinekov Roman, Zverev German,
Bat'manov Alexey, Plaksin Oleg, Shipilov Sergey;
Judo: Volkov Andrey,
Pulyaev Mikhail, Nifontov Ivan, Savelyev Dmitry;
Equestrian sport:
Evgenia Vysotskaya, Alexander Borisov, Natalya Martyanova;
Athletics:
Meleshina-Simagina Irina, Koldin Yuri, Bykova Maria, Zvukov Andrey;
swimming: Daria Belyakina, Irina Nazarova;
Taekwondo: Alexey Rogov;
Greco-Roman wrestling: Evgeniy Chernov, Nikolai Ivanov;
Rhythmic
gymnastics: Yana Lukonina, Daria Koroleva, Svetlana Kazakova, Maxim
Lutskevich
The names of many world-famous figures in science and culture are
associated with the Ryazan region. Sergei Yesenin, Mikhail
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Konstantin Paustovsky, Ivan Michurin, Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky (born in the village of Izhevskoye), Ivan Pavlov and many
others lived and worked here.
Agapkin, Vasily Ivanovich
(1884-1964; born in the village of Shancherovo, Mikhailovsky district) -
Russian Soviet military conductor and composer. Best known as the author
of the march "Farewell of Slavyanka". Colonel of the Soviet Army.
Aladinsky, Vladimir Ivanovich (1901-1971) - Soviet military figure,
Lieutenant General of Aviation (1944).
Alexandrov, Alexander
Vasilyevich (1883-1946; born in the village of Plakhino, Zakharovsky
district) - composer, choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR
(1937), author of the music for the Russian anthem and the song “Holy
War”.
Astashkin, Mikhail Egorovich (1908-1941) (in the village of
Nashi, now Sasovsky district), Hero of the Soviet Union.
Balashov,
Vladimir Pavlovich (born in the village of Izhevskoye, Spassky district)
- Soviet film actor.
Biryuzov, Sergei Semyonovich (1904-1964; born in
Skopin) - Marshal of the Soviet Union.
Biyakov, Sergei Timofeevich
(1900-1981) - Soviet military leader, Major General (1942).
Borisov,
Fyodor Zakharovich (1901-1988) — Soviet military leader, Major General
(1941).
Bunyashin, Pavel Ivanovich (1902-1983) — Soviet military
leader, Major General (1943).
Burobkin Ivan Nikiforovich (1936-2009)
— scientist in the field of economics, organization and management of
the agro-industrial complex; Doctor of Economics (1987), Professor
(1987), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences (1997); Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation (1997).
Varfolomeev, Dmitry Fyodorovich (1918-1992), chemical engineer. Doctor
of Technical Sciences (1975), Professor (1981). Honored Scientist and
Technician of the RSFSR (1981) and the Bashkir ASSR (1967).
Golovanov, Grigory Vasilyevich (1901-1979) — Soviet military leader,
Major General (1943).
Golovnin, Vasily Mikhailovich (April 8 [19],
1776; born in the village of Gulynki) — Russian navigator and traveler,
vice-admiral; Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of
Sciences (1818), Knight of the Order of St. George, IV class for long
service.
Gryaznova, Maria Petrovna (born in 1965 in Lyubovnikovo,
Kasimovsky District) — Honored Chef of the Ryazan Region.
Zubkov,
Valentin Ivanovich (1923-1979; born in the village of Pesochnoye) —
Soviet actor, Honored Artist of the RSFSR.
Epikhin, Alexander
Yuryevich (1961; born in the village of Ibred, Shilovsky District) —
Doctor of Law, professor.
Kuzmin, Apollon Grigorievich (1928-2004;
born in the village of Vysokiye Polyany, Pitelinsky district) - Doctor
of Historical Sciences, Professor at Moscow State Pedagogical
University.
Molodov, Anatoly Vasilyevich (born 1929, village of
Lyubovnikovo, Kasimovsky district) - People's Artist of the USSR (1988),
choir conductor.
Novikov, Anatoly Grigorievich (1896-1984; born in
Skopin) - composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1970), author of the
songs “Roads”, “Smuglyanka” and others.
Novikov, Boris Kuzmich
(1925-1997; born in Ryazhsk) - Soviet theater and film actor, Honored
Artist of the RSFSR, People's Artist of the Russian Federation.
Orlov, Vasily Aleksandrovich (1896-1974; born in Skopin) — actor,
theater and film director, People's Artist of the USSR (1960).
Ptitsa, Klavdy Borisovich (1911-1983; born in Pronsk) — choral
conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1966).
Skobelev, Mikhail
Dmitrievich (1843-1882; born in Skopin) — infantry general.
Khanayev,
Nikandr Sergeevich (1890-1974; born in Pesochnya) — opera singer,
People's Artist of the USSR (1951).
Utkin, Vladimir Fedorovich
(1923-2000; born in Pustobor, Kasimovsky District) — scientist and
designer in the field of rocket and space technology.
Fatyushin,
Aleksandr Konstantinovich (1951-2003; born in Ryazan) - Honored Artist
of the RSFSR.
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich - founder of world
cosmonautics.
500 Knights of St. George, 300 Heroes of the Soviet
Union and Heroes of Russia, 42 full Knights of the Order of Glory are
natives of the Ryazan land.