The Austrian state of Tyrol consists of North Tyrol and East Tyrol.
The state capital is Innsbruck. It represents the part of the former
county of Tyrol that remained with Austria after the Second World War
and borders on the federal state of Vorarlberg in the west, on Bavaria
in the north and on Salzburg in the east. In the south is South Tyrol.
The East Tyrolean part of the country borders not only on South Tyrol in
the east but also on Carinthia.
Tyrol's landscape is mainly
characterized by the many mountains. While the gentler peaks of the
lowlands dominate in the north-east, Tyrol becomes high alpine in the
west and also in East Tyrol. Numerous valleys such as the Zillertal or
the Ötztal branch off the prominent axis of the Inn Valley, many of
which have also become very relevant for tourism.
North Tyrol (Nordtirol)
North Tyrol forms the larger, main part of
the Austrian state of Tyrol, centered around the Inn Valley and
stretching from the borders with Vorarlberg and Germany in the west to
Salzburg in the east. It is known for its dramatic Alpine landscapes,
world-class ski resorts, historic towns, and the vibrant capital city of
Innsbruck. The region is traditionally subdivided into several distinct
areas:
Ausserfern (or Außerfern): This remote northwestern corner
of North Tyrol borders Germany (Bavaria) and feels somewhat isolated
from the rest of the province. It is connected to the main body of Tyrol
only via the scenic Fern Pass (a historic route used since Roman times).
The area features beautiful lakes like Plansee, charming villages such
as Reutte, and outdoor opportunities including hiking in the Lechtal
Alps and winter sports. Its relative seclusion gives it a quieter, more
off-the-beaten-path character compared to busier tourist hubs.
Oberland (Tyrolean Oberland): This covers everything west of Zirl (or
more precisely, west of the Melach River), excluding Ausserfern. It
encompasses the upper Inn Valley (Oberinntal) and its side valleys,
including districts like Imst and Landeck. The landscape here is
characterized by high Alpine peaks, glaciers (such as in the Ötztal
Alps), deep gorges, and picturesque villages. Popular destinations
include the Stubai Valley, Paznaun region (home to Ischgl), and areas
ideal for mountaineering, skiing, and exploring traditional Tyrolean
culture.
Unterland (Tyrolean Unterland): The eastern section of North
Tyrol, lying east of Innsbruck. This area features wider, greener
valleys and gentler rolling hills compared to the rugged west. It
includes popular destinations like the Kitzbühel Alps, Brixental Valley,
and towns such as Hall in Tirol, Schwaz, Kufstein, and Kitzbühel (famous
for its prestigious ski races). The region blends cultural heritage with
family-friendly attractions, hiking, and winter sports.
Note on
Innsbruck: The state capital Innsbruck is geographically situated at the
transition between Oberland and Unterland and is often associated with
the Unterland (or sometimes treated as a distinct central area,
occasionally called the "middle Inn Valley"). However, its exact
attribution can be a point of local discussion or mild dispute depending
on historical or administrative perspectives.
East Tyrol (Osttirol)
East Tyrol is a scenic exclave of the state, separated from North Tyrol
by a strip of Salzburg State and parts of Italian South Tyrol. It is
coterminous with the Lienz District and boasts some of Austria’s highest
peaks (including the Grossglockner), the Hohe Tauern National Park, the
Lienz Dolomites, and a sunnier, more southern Alpine flair. The region
is ideal for nature lovers, hikers, and those seeking authentic mountain
experiences away from mass tourism.
East Tyrolean Oberland: The
western part of East Tyrol, stretching from the town of Lienz toward the
border with South Tyrol (Italy). This mountainous area includes high
peaks, glacial landscapes, and access to the Hohe Tauern National Park.
It offers excellent opportunities for alpine hiking, mountaineering, and
summer activities amid dramatic scenery.
Lienzer Talboden: The
central basin and valley floor around Lienz, extending eastward toward
the border with Carinthia. This is the heart of East Tyrol, featuring
the charming medieval town of Lienz with its historic center, castles
(such as Schloss Bruck), and a blend of Alpine and Mediterranean
influences. The area serves as a hub for cultural events, shopping, and
as a base for exploring surrounding valleys.
Iseltal (Isel Valley):
The area along the Isel River, running from Lienz northward to Matrei in
Osttirol. It follows one of the last free-flowing glacial rivers in the
Alps (part of the Iseltrail hiking route) and leads toward the high
mountains, including views of the Großvenediger. The valley is known for
its natural beauty, traditional villages, water-based activities like
rafting, and as a gateway to the national park.
North Tyrol
North Tyrol, the larger western part of the Austrian
state of Tyrol, is a breathtaking alpine region characterized by
majestic peaks, lush valleys, and vibrant cultural traditions. Nestled
between Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, it offers world-class skiing in
winter and extensive hiking, mountain biking, and paragliding
opportunities in summer. Visitors are drawn to its charming villages,
historic castles, and the warm hospitality of Tyrolean inns serving
hearty local specialties like Kaiserschmarrn and Tyrolean dumplings.
With the capital Innsbruck as its gateway, North Tyrol perfectly blends
outdoor adventure with rich history and stunning natural beauty.
Alpbach
Alpbach is often hailed as one of
Austria's most beautiful villages, famous for its traditional wooden
chalets adorned with flower boxes and its serene alpine setting in the
Alpbachtal Valley. A paradise for families and outdoor enthusiasts, it
features excellent hiking trails to peaks like Wiedersbergerhorn,
thrilling alpine coasters, and family-friendly ski areas in winter. In
summer, visitors enjoy e-biking, lake swimming, and cultural experiences
such as visits to the Museum of Tyrolean Farmhouses or glass art in
nearby Rattenberg. Its peaceful atmosphere and award-winning
architecture make Alpbach an idyllic year-round destination.
Fieberbrunn
Fieberbrunn, known as the
"Home of Lässig," is a laid-back yet action-packed resort village in the
Kitzbühel Alps, renowned for its integration into the massive Skicircus
Saalbach Hinterglemm Leogang Fieberbrunn ski area. With over 270
kilometers of pistes, it caters to skiers and snowboarders of all
levels, while summer brings hiking, mountain biking, and family
adventures on sunny plateaus. The village offers excellent
infrastructure, cozy huts, and a relaxed vibe that appeals to both
thrill-seekers and those seeking mountain tranquility.
Landeck
Landeck serves as the western
gateway to Tyrol, dominated by its impressive medieval castle perched
above the town, which now hosts cultural events and a regional museum.
This lively hub at the confluence of valleys features charming old
townhouses, shops, and a focus on traditional Loden wool clothing.
Surrounded by dramatic mountains, it is ideal for hiking, rafting in the
Imster Gorge, and exploring nearby ski resorts, offering a perfect mix
of history, culture, and alpine exploration.
Lermoos
Lermoos is a picturesque village in the Tiroler Zugspitz Arena, offering
panoramic views of Germany's highest mountain, the Zugspitze. Popular
for its family-friendly atmosphere, it provides superb hiking and biking
trails in summer, while winter brings excellent skiing and snowboarding.
The area boasts charming accommodations, proximity to scenic gorges and
lakes, and a relaxed pace that makes it a favorite for repeat visitors
seeking authentic Tyrolean charm without the crowds.
Reutte
Reutte, located in the charming
Nature Park Region, is best known for the dramatic Highline 179
suspension bridge and the historic Ehrenberg Castle complex, which
offers immersive historical experiences and stunning views. This gateway
town to the Lech Valley features excellent hiking opportunities, thermal
spas, and easy access to day trips like the Zugspitze or Bavarian
castles. Its blend of adventure attractions and peaceful alpine scenery
makes it a versatile base for explorers.
Sankt Johann
Sankt Johann in Tirol is a vibrant market town in the Kitzbühel
district, offering a lively mix of traditional charm and modern
amenities at the foot of the Wilder Kaiser mountains. It boasts
family-friendly ski areas on the Kitzbüheler Horn, extensive hiking and
biking networks, and a charming pedestrian zone with shops and
restaurants. As an economic and tourist hub, it provides convenient
access to the broader Kitzbühel Alps while maintaining a welcoming,
community-oriented atmosphere.
Serfaus
Serfaus forms part of the acclaimed Serfaus-Fiss-Ladis family holiday
region, a sunny high-plateau paradise known for its innovative car-free
village center served by an underground hovertrain. It excels in both
winter skiing across 190+ km of pistes and summer adventures with themed
hiking trails, alpine coasters, and playgrounds. Renowned for
exceptional family hospitality and breathtaking mountain scenery, it
delivers unforgettable experiences for all ages.
Lower Inn Valley
The Lower Inn Valley (Unterinntal)
stretches from near Innsbruck eastward, forming a wide, densely
populated corridor through the heart of Tyrol with a blend of urban
energy and scenic landscapes. It features important transportation
routes, historic towns, and access to major ski resorts and hiking
areas. The valley combines cultural attractions, industrial heritage,
and proximity to the Alps, making it a dynamic region for travelers
exploring both city life and mountain adventures.
Lower Inn Valley
Innsbruck
Innsbruck, the capital of Tyrol, is a captivating alpine city where
historic architecture meets world-class mountain sports. Famous for its
Golden Roof, imperial Hofburg palace, and the surrounding Nordkette
peaks accessible by cable car, it hosted the Winter Olympics twice.
Visitors enjoy vibrant old town streets, excellent museums, cultural
events, and year-round outdoor activities from skiing to hiking, all
within a compact, scenic setting.
Zirl
Zirl is a picturesque market town west of Innsbruck, known for its
dramatic natural surroundings including the Ehnbachklamm gorge and the
impressive Martinswand rock face. It offers peaceful hiking
opportunities, historic sites like Burgruine Fragenstein, and a relaxed
atmosphere ideal for those seeking authentic Tyrolean village life.
Proximity to Innsbruck makes it a convenient yet tranquil base for
exploring the region.
Völs
Völs, located
near Innsbruck in the Lower Inn Valley, is a charming community
surrounded by beautiful countryside and offering easy access to urban
and alpine attractions. It features local hiking paths, traditional
architecture, and a peaceful setting that appeals to visitors looking
for a quieter alternative to busier tourist spots while still enjoying
Tyrol's natural beauty and hospitality.
Igls
Igls is a popular resort village on a sunny plateau above Innsbruck,
renowned for its upscale yet welcoming atmosphere and Olympic legacy,
including bobsleigh and ski jumping facilities. It provides excellent
winter sports, golfing in summer, and panoramic views of the surrounding
mountains. With fine hotels, restaurants, and proximity to the city,
Igls is a sophisticated yet accessible gateway to Tyrolean recreation.
Hall in Tirol
Hall in Tirol is a beautifully
preserved medieval town near Innsbruck, celebrated for its historic old
town, mint tower (Münzturm), and rich mining heritage. Its atmospheric
streets lined with colorful facades, museums, and cultural sites offer a
glimpse into Tyrol's past. Ideal for leisurely strolls and day trips, it
combines history, shopping, and nearby outdoor activities in a compact,
enchanting package.
Wattens
Wattens is
best known as the home of Swarovski Crystal Worlds (Kristallwelten), a
spectacular attraction featuring dazzling crystal installations,
gardens, and exhibitions that draw visitors worldwide. Beyond the
crystals, the town offers pleasant surroundings for walks and serves as
a convenient base in the Lower Inn Valley with good connections to
Innsbruck and the broader Tyrolean region.
Schwaz
Schwaz is a historic silver mining town in the Lower Inn Valley, famous
for its impressive parish church with the largest Gothic hall in Tyrol
and the fascinating Silver Mine museum. Its well-preserved old town and
mining heritage provide rich cultural experiences, while surrounding
mountains invite hiking and exploration. Schwaz offers an authentic look
at Tyrol's industrial and architectural past.
Jenbach
Jenbach serves as an important transportation hub in the Lower Inn
Valley, known for its historic Zillertal Railway and proximity to the
Achensee, Tyrol's largest lake. Visitors enjoy boat trips, steam train
rides, and access to the Zillertal Alps for hiking and skiing. Its
practical location and mix of transport heritage with natural beauty
make it a useful and scenic stop.
Brixlegg
Brixlegg is a quaint town in the Lower Inn Valley, notable for its
copper mining history and attractive location along the Inn River. It
features charming architecture, local museums, and serves as a gateway
to hiking trails in the surrounding mountains. Its peaceful vibe and
historical significance offer a relaxing base for exploring eastern
Tyrol's cultural and natural highlights.
Wörgl
Wörgl is a bustling town in the Lower Inn Valley, acting as a key
commercial and transportation center with good rail connections. It
offers modern amenities alongside access to nearby ski resorts and
hiking areas in the Kitzbühel Alps. Known for its practical convenience
and proximity to both urban and alpine attractions, Wörgl appeals to
travelers seeking a dynamic base.
Kufstein
Kufstein, the eastern gateway of Tyrol, is dominated by its imposing
medieval fortress overlooking the Inn River. Famous for the Heroes'
Organ (the world's largest open-air organ) and its historic old town, it
provides a blend of culture, music festivals, and outdoor activities
like hiking in the Kaisergebirge mountains. Its strategic location near
the Bavarian border makes it an excellent starting point for
cross-border adventures.
Achen Valley
The Achen Valley, also known as
Achental, is a stunning alpine paradise in Tyrol, Austria, cradling the
majestic Lake Achensee—the largest lake in the region and often called
the "Fjord of the Alps" or "Tyrolean Sea." Surrounded by the rugged
Karwendel mountains to the west and the Brandenberg Alps to the east,
this deep, crystal-clear lake reaches depths of up to 133 meters and
offers breathtaking turquoise waters ideal for swimming, boating,
windsurfing, and kitesurfing in summer.
Pertisau
Nestled on the southwestern shore of Lake Achensee, Pertisau serves as a
charming gateway to the Karwendel Nature Park and a hub for outdoor
enthusiasts. Visitors can ascend via the Karwendel Bergbahn cable car
for panoramic views, explore hiking trails to secluded spots like
Gaisalm alpine pasture (accessible by foot or boat), or enjoy the
village's historic shale oil museum (Vitalberg) showcasing traditional
Tiroler Steinöl production.
Achenkirch
Achenkirch, located at the northern end of Lake Achensee, is a peaceful
farming village composed of scattered hamlets stretching toward the
Bavarian border. With its traditional Tyrolean architecture and
proximity to both Karwendel and Rofan mountains, it offers excellent
opportunities for hiking, horse riding, sailing, and winter
cross-country skiing, while the local museum at Sixenhof highlights
regional history and culture.
Steinberg am Rofan
Steinberg am Rofan is a picturesque, storybook village perched at about
1,000 meters above sea level in the Rofan mountains, offering an idyllic
retreat with around 300 residents. Surrounded by dramatic alpine
scenery, it features scenic hiking paths, a toboggan run, and
cross-country ski trails in winter, making it perfect for nature lovers
seeking tranquility and authentic Tyrolean charm away from larger
crowds.
Tuxer Valley
The Tuxer Valley (Tuxertal), a scenic
side valley branching from the Zillertal at Mayrhofen, stretches about
13 km through dramatic Tyrolean Alps scenery with towering peaks
exceeding 3,000 meters. Known for its traditional farming villages,
pristine nature, and access to the Zillertal Alps Nature Park, it
attracts hikers in summer and skiers year-round, culminating at the
famous Hintertux Glacier with authentic alpine experiences and stunning
mountain vistas.
Finkenberg
Finkenberg marks the
entrance to the Tux Valley, a sprawling municipality between the Penken
and Grünberg mountains and part of the Zillertal Alps Nature Park. With
its mix of traditional farmhouses and modern amenities, it serves as an
ideal base for hiking to high alpine meadows, exploring nearby glaciers,
and enjoying family-friendly activities, while offering direct access to
extensive ski areas in winter.
Hintertux
At the head of the Tux Valley, Hintertux is renowned for its dramatic
location at the base of the Hintertux Glacier, Austria's premier
year-round skiing destination with slopes reaching over 3,000 meters.
Beyond winter sports, summer visitors enjoy glacier hikes, cable car
rides with panoramic views, ice caves, and mountain biking, all amid
breathtaking Zillertal Alps scenery that combines adventure with serene
natural beauty.
Ziller Valley
Ziller Valley, or Zillertal, is one of
Austria’s most beloved Alpine destinations in Tyrol, stretching from the
Inn River near Jenbach deep into the Zillertal Alps. Renowned for its
world-class skiing and snowboarding in winter, the valley transforms
into a hiker’s paradise in summer with over 1,400 km of marked trails,
picturesque meadows, and crystal-clear mountain streams. The Zillertal
is home to charming villages, traditional Tyrolean architecture, and
excellent infrastructure including the Zillertal Railway that connects
the main resorts. Visitors enjoy a wide range of activities from glacier
skiing on the Hintertux Glacier to family-friendly slopes, mountain
biking, paragliding, and relaxing in wellness centers. The region’s rich
cultural heritage, local music festivals, and hearty Tyrolean
cuisine—such as Käsespätzle and fresh farm products—make it a year-round
favorite for international travelers.
Zell am Ziller
Zell am Ziller serves as a vibrant gateway to the Ziller Valley,
offering a perfect blend of tradition and modern resort amenities at the
entrance of the Gerlos Alpine Road. This picturesque town is famous for
its scenic location at the confluence of the Ziller and Gerlosbach
rivers and its excellent access to the Zillertal Arena ski area, which
spans 143 km of pistes across four mountains. In summer, Zell am Ziller
attracts hikers and cyclists with routes leading to the Reicherspitze
and surrounding peaks. The town center features colorful historic
houses, a Baroque parish church, and lively events like the Gauderfest
beer festival. Families appreciate the relaxed atmosphere, children’s
programs, and proximity to attractions such as the Erlebnistherme Fügen
thermal baths.
Fügen
Fügen is a charming
resort village in the lower Ziller Valley, known for its family-friendly
atmosphere and outstanding winter and summer activities. It forms part
of the Zillertal Arena and offers convenient access to slopes suitable
for all levels, including the Spieljoch ski area with its modern lifts.
In summer, Fügen shines with beautiful hiking paths through forests and
meadows, a popular 18-hole golf course, and the impressive
Erlebnistherme Zillertal thermal spa featuring indoor and outdoor pools,
saunas, and wellness treatments. The village preserves Tyrolean charm
with traditional farmhouses and hosts cultural events throughout the
year. Its central location makes it an ideal base for exploring the
entire Ziller Valley.
Kaltenbach
Kaltenbach is a peaceful, authentic Tyrolean village nestled in the
heart of the Ziller Valley, prized for its quiet charm and direct access
to the Hochzillertal ski area. This resort offers 88 km of varied
pistes, modern gondolas, and excellent off-piste opportunities, making
it popular with both skiers and snowboarders. In the warmer months,
Kaltenbach serves as a starting point for scenic hikes to the Kellerjoch
and other panoramic summits, as well as mountain bike trails of varying
difficulty. The village maintains a relaxed pace with traditional inns
serving local specialties and comfortable accommodations ranging from
cozy guesthouses to modern hotels. Its proximity to Fügen and Mayrhofen
allows easy day trips while providing a more tranquil stay.
Mayrhofen
Mayrhofen is the bustling main
resort of the Ziller Valley, famous worldwide for its vibrant après-ski
scene and challenging ski terrain on the Penken and Ahorn mountains.
Part of the Zillertal 3000 ski area, it boasts Austria’s steepest
groomed run (Harakiri) and excellent snow reliability thanks to
high-altitude slopes and snowmaking facilities. In summer, the town
becomes a hub for hiking, mountain biking, and white-water rafting on
the Ziller River, while the famous Stilluptal reservoir offers scenic
walks and boating. Mayrhofen’s lively pedestrian zone features shops,
cafés, and traditional music venues, making it a dynamic destination for
both active travelers and those seeking entertainment.
Ried im Oberinntal
Ried im Oberinntal is a
tranquil village in the Upper Inn Valley (Oberinntal) of Tyrol, serving
as a peaceful base for exploring the surrounding mountains and ski
regions. Located near the entrance to the Ötztal and Paznaun valleys, it
offers convenient access to multiple ski areas while retaining a genuine
local character. Visitors enjoy hiking and cycling routes along the Inn
River, as well as winter activities at nearby resorts. The village
provides good infrastructure with family-run hotels, restaurants serving
Tyrolean dishes, and proximity to larger centers like Landeck. Its
location makes it ideal for those seeking a quieter alternative to
busier tourist hubs while still enjoying the majestic scenery of the
Austrian Alps.
Paznaun
Valley
Paznaun Valley is a stunning high-Alpine valley in Tyrol stretching from
Landeck to the Silvretta mountains, celebrated for its glamorous ski
resorts and breathtaking natural beauty. The valley is home to renowned
winter sports destinations and offers extensive opportunities for
skiing, snowboarding, and freeriding. In summer, it transforms into a
paradise for hikers, trail runners, and mountain bikers with trails
leading to crystal-clear lakes and high passes. The Paznaun region is
also known for its culinary excellence, luxury accommodations, and
wellness hotels. Its strategic location near the Swiss and Italian
borders adds to its international appeal.
Ischgl
Ischgl is one of
the Alps’ premier ski destinations, famous for its vast Silvretta Arena
ski area shared with Samnaun in Switzerland and legendary après-ski
parties. The resort boasts 239 km of interconnected pistes, modern lift
systems, and reliable snow conditions up to 2,900 meters. In addition to
winter sports, Ischgl offers superb summer hiking and mountain biking
amid dramatic landscapes, as well as cultural events and concerts
featuring international artists. The village combines Tyrolean tradition
with upscale shopping, fine dining, and top-tier hotels, making it a
favorite for those seeking both thrilling outdoor activities and vibrant
nightlife.
Galtür
Galtür is a picturesque, high-altitude village
at the end of the Paznaun Valley, known for its unspoiled nature and
excellent snow conditions. Situated at over 1,500 meters, it provides
access to the Silvretta Arena and offers a more peaceful alternative to
neighboring Ischgl. Galtür is ideal for families and those seeking
relaxed skiing or cross-country trails, as well as spectacular summer
hiking to the Silvretta glaciers and mountain lakes. The village
emphasizes sustainability and traditional hospitality with comfortable
chalets and excellent local cuisine. Its location near the Bielerhöhe
Pass provides stunning views and additional outdoor adventures.
Kappl
Kappl is a friendly, family-oriented resort in the Paznaun Valley
offering a more intimate skiing experience compared to larger neighbors.
Its local ski area features well-groomed slopes suitable for beginners
and intermediates, with beautiful views over the valley. In summer,
Kappl attracts visitors with peaceful hiking paths, fishing
opportunities, and proximity to the broader Paznaun attractions. The
village maintains a warm, authentic atmosphere with traditional inns and
modern facilities. Its central position in the valley makes it an
excellent base for exploring Ischgl, Galtür, and the wider Tyrolean
Alps.
Stanzer
Valley
Stanzer Valley (Stanzertal) is a scenic side
valley of the Arlberg region in Tyrol, connecting the famous ski areas
of St. Anton and the surrounding mountains. Known for its traditional
villages and varied landscape, the valley offers superb winter sports
access via the Arlberg ski pass while providing quieter residential
charm. In summer, it becomes a haven for hiking, cycling, and nature
lovers with trails leading through forests and alpine meadows. The
valley’s rich history and cultural heritage are evident in its
well-preserved architecture and local festivals.
Saint Anton am Arlberg
Saint Anton am
Arlberg, often simply called St. Anton, is a legendary ski resort and
the birthplace of modern Alpine skiing. Located at the heart of the vast
Arlberg ski area—one of the largest in the world—it offers 305 km of
slopes, challenging off-piste terrain, and impeccable infrastructure.
The village is renowned for its lively après-ski culture, luxury hotels,
and excellent restaurants. Beyond winter, St. Anton shines in summer
with hiking and mountain biking trails, a scenic golf course, and
cultural events. Its combination of sporting excellence, sophisticated
atmosphere, and stunning mountain scenery makes it a bucket-list
destination for travelers from around the globe.
Ambras Palace
Nestled on a hill overlooking Innsbruck in Tyrol, Austria, Ambras Palace
(Schloss Ambras) stands as one of the most significant Renaissance gems
in the Alps, renowned as the site of the world’s first museum. Built and
expanded in the 16th century by Archduke Ferdinand II of Habsburg as a
lavish residence for his morganatic wife, Philippine Welser, the palace
features the spectacular Spanish Hall with its intricate woodwork, the
Armory, the Chamber of Art and Wonders (Kunst- und Wunderkammer) filled
with exotic treasures, armor, and curiosities, and the Habsburg Portrait
Gallery. Visitors can explore the beautifully landscaped gardens,
Philippine’s private Renaissance bathhouse, and seasonal exhibitions,
making it a must-visit cultural highlight blending art, history, and
romance with stunning alpine views.
Bruck Castle
Perched on
a hill above the town of Lienz in East Tyrol, Bruck Castle (Schloss
Bruck) is a well-preserved medieval fortress completed in 1278 as the
residence of the Counts of Gorizia. Its striking architecture includes a
prominent keep offering panoramic views over the Isel River valley,
Gothic elements, and ancient graffiti that adds character to its walls.
Today, it houses the Town Museum of Lienz, showcasing regional art,
history, and cultural artifacts, while its chapel and exhibition spaces
make it a vibrant venue for visitors interested in medieval heritage and
local East Tyrolean stories.
Freundsberg
Castle
Rising above Schwaz in Tyrol, Freundsberg Castle
dates back to around 1150 as the seat of the Knights of Freundsberg,
beginning with a tall residential tower that still stands today.
Expanded over centuries and briefly renamed under Archduke Sigismund, it
features Renaissance additions, a palace church, and frescoes, serving
later as a museum dedicated to the town’s silver mining history and
noble legacy. Its elevated position provides commanding views of the Inn
Valley, and the site is popular for events and explorations of Tyrolean
medieval and Renaissance architecture.
Heinfels Castle
Dominating the landscape high above Heinfels in East Tyrol’s Puster
Valley, Heinfels Castle is an impressive hilltop complex at over 1,100
meters, offering dramatic views toward the Dolomites. With roots in the
medieval period, the extensively restored fortress now houses a museum
covering local history, archaeology, and regional culture across
spacious exhibits. Its commanding presence and accessible trails make it
a landmark for hikers and history enthusiasts exploring the rugged
beauty of the Austrian Alps.
Itter Castle
Located in
the village of Itter in North Tyrol, Itter Castle (Schloss Itter) is a
19th-century structure built on older foundations, most famous for its
extraordinary role in World War II as a prison for high-profile French
VIPs. In May 1945, it became the site of the remarkable Battle of Castle
Itter, where American troops, Wehrmacht soldiers, Austrian resistance
fighters, and prisoners united against SS forces in one of the war’s
strangest alliances. Today, the castle attracts visitors interested in
its dramatic history, scenic alpine setting, and unique blend of
19th-century architecture with poignant 20th-century narratives.
Kienburg
Castle
Kienburg Castle, situated near Matrei in East
Tyrol, is a historic ruin steeped in legends of knights and dragons,
with origins tracing back to the 12th century. Perched strategically
along ancient routes, it served defensive and administrative roles in
the region. Though partially ruined, its atmospheric remains and
surrounding trails offer hikers and history buffs a glimpse into
medieval Tyrolean fortifications and folklore amid stunning mountain
scenery.
Kropfsberg
Castle
Overlooking the Alpbach Valley near Reith im
Alpbachtal, Kropfsberg Castle is a medieval ruin originally built around
the mid-12th century by the Archbishops of Salzburg as a border
fortress. Rebuilt in the early 13th century, its remnants include
defensive walls and a strategic position guarding valuable routes into
the Zillertal. The site is ideal for scenic walks, offering insights
into Salzburg’s influence in Tyrol and picturesque views of the
surrounding alpine landscape.
Laudegg Castle
Towering on a rock spur above Ladis in the
Serfaus-Fiss-Ladis region of Tyrol, Laudegg Castle (Burg Laudegg) was
first documented in the 13th century and served as an administrative
center for the Laudeck High Court. Featuring a mighty keep, chapel, and
palace elements enclosed by ring walls, it was damaged in rebellions but
later restored. Visitors can explore its historic structures, enjoy the
nearby castle lake, and appreciate its role in Tyrolean medieval
governance amid the beautiful Oberinntal valley.
Lichtenwerth Castle
Picturesquely situated near Münster
in Tyrol, often on what was once an island in the Inn River,
Lichtenwerth Castle dates to the 12th century. The complex, with its
charming chateau-like appearance, reflects centuries of regional history
and adaptation to the riverine landscape. It stands as a scenic landmark
in the Inn Valley, inviting visitors to appreciate its architectural
evolution and tranquil surroundings.
Naudersberg
Castle
Perched on a hill in the Ötztal Alps near Nauders,
Naudersberg Castle (Schloss Naudersberg) is a former court castle that
watches over the community and surrounding high-altitude terrain. With
medieval origins, it has been adapted into modern use while retaining
its historic character. The site offers insights into Tyrolean border
history and provides a stunning base for exploring the region’s alpine
culture and landscapes.
Tratzberg Castle
Magnificently positioned high above the Inn Valley between Jenbach and
Stans, Tratzberg Castle is a Renaissance jewel first mentioned in the
13th century, later serving as a hunting lodge for Emperor Maximilian I
and the Fugger family. Rebuilt after a 1492 fire, it boasts original
16th-century furnishings, the famous Habsburg family tree wall painting
with 148 figures, an armory, Gothic chapel, and the grand Hunting Hall.
Guided audio tours (available in multiple languages) and virtual reality
experiences bring its rich history to life for visitors.
Zammer Lochputz
Zammer Lochputz in Zams, Tyrol, is a dramatic natural gorge and
waterfall attraction rather than a traditional castle, featuring
dizzying views of wild waters, the Lötzer Waterfall, narrow tunnels, and
unique rock formations like the bull’s-head “Lochputz.” With trails, a
show power plant, playground, and scenic paths, it offers an adventurous
outdoor experience highlighting Tyrol’s geological wonders and
hydroelectric heritage, perfect for nature lovers seeking an accessible
yet thrilling alpine excursion.
The primary language in Tyrol (Tirol), Austria, is Austrian German,
specifically the Tyrolean dialects (Tiroler Dialekt), which belong to
the Southern Bavarian group of Upper German dialects.
Tyrol is a
federal state in western Austria, known for its Alpine landscapes, and
its linguistic landscape reflects its geography, history, and cultural
isolation in mountain valleys. While Standard Austrian German is used in
formal settings (education, media, administration, and writing),
everyday spoken communication relies heavily on strong local dialects
that vary significantly even between neighboring valleys.
Historical and Linguistic Context
Tyrolean dialects trace back to Old
High German and Middle High German influences, shaped by Bavarian
settlement and the region's mountainous terrain, which fostered
linguistic diversity and conservatism. They form part of the broader
Austro-Bavarian continuum. North Tyrol (the main Austrian part, capital
Innsbruck) shares close similarities with dialects in East Tyrol and
South Tyrol (in Italy), with no major north-south divide—differences are
more west-east.
Key historical notes:
The dialects preserve
older features lost in Standard German.
South Tyrol (Südtirol/Alto
Adige, now in Italy) has additional Romance (Italian and Ladin)
loanwords due to 20th-century political history after World War I, but
core dialect traits remain homogeneous with Austrian Tyrol.
In
Austrian Tyrol, the influence is more purely Germanic/Bavarian, though
modern Standard German and some external terms appear.
This creates a
diglossic situation: Dialect at home and informally; Standard (Austrian
variant) in schools, official contexts, and writing.
Phonological
Characteristics
Tyrolean speech stands out to other German speakers
with its distinctive sound:
Hard "kch" or aspirated/affricated k
sounds — Especially before certain consonants (e.g., kchlea for
Klee/clover; Innsbruck often sounds like "Inschbrukch"). This is a
hallmark, shared somewhat with Swiss dialects.
Diphthongization —
Middle High German long vowels become diphthongs, e.g., ea for long e
(Schnea for Schnee/snow), oa for long o (roat for rot/red).
"Sch" for
"S" — Strong palatalization or sibilants in certain positions.
Preservation of sounds — Less vocalization of r and l in some contexts
compared to other Bavarian varieties; retention of prefixes like ge-.
Prosody — Often described as melodic or with specific stress patterns
and intonation that can sound "chanting" or rhythmic to outsiders.
Valley-specific variations are common.
These features can make it
challenging for Standard German speakers (from Germany or even other
parts of Austria) to understand fluent dialect speech, though basics are
often intelligible with effort.
Grammar and Morphology
Tyrolean dialects show typical Bavarian traits with local twists:
Simplified or syncretic case systems (e.g., dative/accusative merging in
pronouns).
Non-standard verb forms and conjugations (e.g., endings
like -st or variants of haben/sein auxiliaries).
Periphrastic
constructions and flexible syntax common in spoken Bavarian.
Diminutives with -l or -erl (e.g., Hüsl for little house).
Frequent
use of particles and fillers for emphasis or confirmation (e.g., ge? for
"eh?" or seeking agreement).
Dialects lack a standardized
orthography, so they are rarely written formally.
Vocabulary
Tyrolean vocabulary is rich in regional terms for Alpine life, food,
nature, and daily activities. Many are opaque to outsiders. Here are
examples drawn from common usage in Austrian Tyrol:
Greetings and
basics:
Grias-di / Griaß-enk = Hello (informal, singular/plural).
Pfiat-di / Pfiat-enk = Goodbye.
Grüß Gott (more formal/standard).
Servus or Ciao (common informally).
Directions and nature:
Aui/auffi = up; oi/ochi = down; grodaus = straight ahead.
Bichl =
hill.
Tschurtschn = fir cone.
Murmele = marmot.
Oachkatzlschwoaf = squirrel tail (a tongue-twister test for "real"
Tyroleans).
People and characteristics:
Schmotzgoggl =
charming girl.
Fesches Madl / Diandl = pretty girl.
Fescher Bua =
handsome lad.
Loamsieder = slow/boring person.
Potschad = clumsy.
Food and drink:
Kaasspatzln = cheese noodles.
Gröstl =
potato-meat fry-up.
Graukaas = strong grey cheese.
Verlängata =
extended coffee with milk.
Mogsch a Schnapsal? = Want a schnapps?
Other common phrases:
Isch des bärig! = That's awesome/wonderful!
Mei schian! = Oh, how beautiful!
Hots gschmeckt? = Did you like the
food?
Zol'n bitte! = The bill, please!
South Tyrol adds more
Italian loans (e.g., magari = maybe; hoila = hello), but core vocabulary
overlaps heavily with Austrian Tyrol.
Multilingual Aspects in the
Broader Tyrol Region
Austrian Tyrol: Predominantly German (dialect +
Standard). English is common in tourist areas.
South Tyrol (Italy):
Trilingual officially (German ~58-70%, Italian ~23%, Ladin ~4%). Ladin
is a Rhaeto-Romance language in specific valleys (e.g., Val Gardena,
Badia). Italian dominates in cities like Bolzano.
Minority
influences: Historical traces or guest worker languages.
By plane
There is an international airport in Innsbruck, which is
served by flights from Frankfurt am Main and Hanover, among others.
Innsbruck has direct train connections with all major Austrian cities,
such as Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz and Bregenz.
Transfer Tyrol
Transfer Tirol is a shuttle service launched in December 2011 that
connects all towns in Tirol with Innsbruck and Munich airports. The
service can be booked online up to 72 hours before departure.
Further information at
www.transfer.tirol.at
By train
The website of the
Verkehrsverbund Tirol provides information about public transport.
Innsbruck has direct train connections with all major Austrian
cities such as Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz and Bregenz.
In the
street
North Tyrol can be reached by car from the north via the
Inntalautobahn or via Mittenwald and the Zirler Berg (Bundesautobahn 95
until just before Garmisch-Partenkirchen). In order to really get to
know the region, it is advisable to use your own vehicle, apart from the
Inn Valley, where the train connection works quite well.
Temporary driving bans on state roads in Tyrol
In the summer
months, temporary driving bans apply to all vehicles (including
motorcycles) that are in transit in Tyrol. This applies to weekends from
Saturday 7:00 a.m. to Sunday 7:00 p.m. on the provincial roads around
Innsbruck. Even traffic jams on the motorway can no longer be avoided on
state roads. Destination and source traffic is not affected by these
measures. These driving bans do not apply to federal roads such as the
B171 Tiroler Straße or the B177 Seefelder Straße. The current driving
bans are announced by the ÖAMTC, among others.
transfer routes
Tyrol has always been one of the most important transit countries from
the north to southern Europe. Several transfer routes with important
Alpine passes and crossings lead through the region. To finance the
costly maintenance of the road network, the authorities ask visitors to
pay tolls and special tolls. For a stress-free transit even during the
busy holiday periods, there are a few more points to consider:
Motorways: The Tyrolean motorways on the through routes, which are
subject to tolls (vignettes), are generally well developed and can be
easily driven on in normal weather conditions in summer and winter.
However, it should be noted that the routes, which are heavily used by
the heavy traffic, are also subject to heavy wear and tear; This is also
supported by the sometimes extreme climatic conditions of the mountains:
construction sites are not uncommon on the Tyrolean motorways.
Attention: The 5 km long section of the Inntal autobahn from the German
border near Kiefersfelden to the "Kufstein-Süd" autobahn exit has been
toll-free since December 15, 2019!
Federal roads: Some of the
main transfer routes have the older routes of the federal roads, often
parallel to the newer motorways. With regard to the traffic conditions,
the following should be noted: The important Tyrolean federal roads on
the through routes are generally well developed and can be easily driven
on in normal weather conditions in summer and winter. However, these
"secondary routes" also serve for the local feeder traffic and to supply
the regional infrastructure in the predominantly agricultural regions of
Tyrol:
On weekdays including Saturdays, heavy traffic from trucks to
tractors can always be expected from the early morning hours. Because of
the often extremely winding mountain roads, it is very rarely possible
to safely overtake these vehicles, which are extremely slow, especially
on inclines.
There is no commuter traffic on Sundays and public
holidays and is replaced by regional excursion traffic from the early
hours of the morning when the weather is nice.
In general: Only in
the late evening hours is it possible to travel relatively quickly on
the North Tyrolean federal roads compared to federal roads in Germany.
At other times of the day, the time disadvantage of the secondary routes
along the main routes of the transfer routes is generally considerable.
Depending on your personal driving style, you always have to take into
account a not inconsiderable increase in fuel consumption, which,
together with the additional traffic noise, also contributes to the
further burden on residents on these secondary roads.
The
Austrian regulatory authorities like to monitor the secondary routes in
particular, and often with regard to compliance with traffic
regulations. Popular tools are radar guns and permanently installed
machines.
See also the topic article with the general overview of
the Alpine passes.
Detailed information on the
Brenner Pass itself can also be found in the article on the Brenner
Pass.
The Brenner route leads from the Inn Valley to South Tyrol
and is busy all year round on the motorway and federal highway.
For those passing through, tolls for the North Tyrolean motorway, the
special toll for the Brenner Pass and the Italian motorway toll are due
on the motorway route.
Coming from Germany, crossing the main
Alpine ridge on the Brenner route toll-free only makes sense via
Garmisch, Mittenwald and the accident-prone Zirler mountain to
Innsbruck. Then the city of Innsbruck has to be driven through, the
approach to the Brenner is possible via the extremely curvy Brenner
federal road and in some areas also on a third route on the other side
of the valley, the old (historical) Brenner road, a fourth route, here
only for the sake of completeness, is possible the still partially
preserved Roman road. From the Brenner (village) it is also possible to
take the toll-free descent to Sterzing on an extremely winding route,
but the saved fee is small at €1 per car.
The total length of the
route on the federal highway, calculated from Munich, is even slightly
shorter than the autobahn route, but the total time lost compared to the
faster autobahn route is usually well over an hour. When the Autobahn is
overcrowded, the federal highway is always just as overcrowded. As a
plus, this route can offer an intense mountain road experience in
various sections for those who like that kind of thing, but the motorway
route is not without scenic highlights either.
The Felbertauern route is the most important connection from Upper
Bavaria and North Tyrol to East Tyrol and further to the Adriatic Sea,
it also runs partly in the state of Salzburg.
The journey from
Germany is initially on the German Inntalautobahn A93 (Rosenheim -
Kiefersfelden) and is still toll-free here.
Since December 2013,
the Austrian Inntalautobahn A12 from Kufstein and from the state border
has required a vignette, including the section up to the Kufstein-Süd
exit (previously toll-free). Only from here does the route run on
federal highways similar to expressways and is therefore toll-free over
the entire length. If you also want to drive through the short section
past Kufstein without buying a vignette, you have to leave the motorway
in Germany and at the latest at the Kiefersfelden exit and drive through
the entire town of Kufstein on the federal road. Fees are due for the
Felbertauern Tunnel.
The route runs as federal road B173 from
Kufstein, on the B161 (Pass-Thurn road) from Kitzbühel, Pass Thurn
(1,274 m) to Mittersill, passes under the Hohe Tauern as federal road
108 in the Felbertauern tunnel and then reaches Matrei in Osttirol and
then Lienz .
The decisive section between Mittersill (790 m) and
Matrei (980 m) is the Felbertauernstraße and crosses under the main
Alpine ridge of the Tauern, the section consists of the north ramp,
Felbertauern tunnel and south ramp, is around 36 kilometers long and has
numerous avalanche galleries and tunnels. This part of the route has
average gradients of around four percent up to a maximum of nine percent
and is widened to three lanes on half of the route.
The
Felbertauern Tunnel is the highest point of the route with a peak height
of 1650 m, it is 5.3 km long, Austria's eleventh longest tunnel and was
opened to traffic in 1967. The standard fare for travelers is €10. There
is no possibility of bypassing the Felbertauern tunnel via a mountain
pass.
The route and the handling at the tunnel portals are
regularly overloaded during the arrival and departure times during the
holiday periods in summer and winter, and there is slightly less traffic
in the evening.
Felbertauernstraße AG is responsible for
Felbertauernstraße and the Felbertauern Tunnel.
Detailed information on the Fernpass itself can also be found in the
article on the Ausserfern.
The Fernpass route leads from the
Kempten / Füssen area through the Ausserfern and the Gurgltal to the
Oberinntal, from where other important routes lead to western Tyrol, to
Vorarlberg, to the Engadin (in Switzerland) and via the Reschenpass to
Italy.
The route is toll and tax-free and very busy all year
round. The part of the route in the Ausserfern is a well-developed
expressway, the part between the Fernpass and Nassereith is winding,
mountainous and is considered an accident black spot.
In Imst,
the Fernpass route is connected to the A12 Inntal autobahn, which is
subject to a toll, in the Oberinntal; other routes branch off from the
Oberinntal:
From Landeck, the route branches off from the Oberinntal
into the Engadin and to Reschen. Parallel to the motorway, which
requires a vignette, the toll-free Tyrolean federal highway 171 runs
from Imst for around twenty kilometers to Landeck. This route leads
through numerous places and is very busy. In addition, there is the
necessary through-town through the picturesque winding Landeck, the use
of the Landeck bypass tunnel, which was completed in 2000 and requires a
vignette, is not possible. The time disadvantage of a toll-free bypass
of the short motorway section that requires a vignette is always
considerable here.
Achensee. The largest body of water in Tyrol is particularly
popular in summer. The fjord-like mountain lake is also known as the
"Tyrolean Sea" because of its winds.
Bergisel ski jump. The
Bergisel ski jump, redesigned by star architect Zaha Hadid, won the
Austrian State Prize for Architecture in 2002. Built in 1925 and
extended and adapted for the Olympic Games in 1964 and 1976, the
entire ski jumping facility was redesigned in 2001 according to
plans by architect Zaha Hadid and is considered an architectural
sensation. Sporty people can climb 455 steps to the ski jump tower
at a height of 50 meters. It is much more comfortable to take the
inclined lift and the visitor lift in the tower up to the café and
restaurant as well as to the panoramic viewing platform with a
360-degree view of the Tyrolean mountains.
Swarovski Crystal
Worlds. A water-spouting botanical giant guards the entrance to the
Crystal Worlds designed by André Heller, which enchants visitors
with an underground nesting of imaginative, glittering chambers of
wonder. Originally intended as a gift to employees, collectors,
customers and partners on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of
Swarovski's founding in 1995, the Crystal Worlds in Wattens near
Innsbruck have now become a crowd puller. In the fall of 2003, André
Heller expanded the most visited tourist facility in Tyrol with
additional magical rooms that elicit new, exciting sensory
impressions from the mysterious material crystal. A journey into a
cosmos of sparkling ideas, contemporary art and the famous Swarovski
crystal objects that will remain unforgettable.
Kufstein
Fortress. The impressive complex, which dates back to the 13th
century, covers an area of over 26,000 m² and is larger than the old
town of Kufstein.
Innsbruck Alpine Zoo. As the world's only
"theme zoo", the highest zoo in Europe (727 m) presents the animal
world of the Alpine region in historical and modern times. 2000
animals from 150 species invite you to an eventful visit.
Silver
mine in Schwaz. Here you can experience up close how 500 years ago
more than 10,000 miners searched for silver and copper and made
Tyrol one of the richest countries in Europe.
Ambras Castle.
Visible from afar over the Tyrolean capital. It is one of the most
important sights in Innsbruck and comes up with several
superlatives. Not only is it one of the most beautiful Renaissance
castles in Austria, it also houses the oldest art and armory
collection in Europe.
Winter in Tyrol
Tyrol, the heart of the Austrian Alps, transforms
into a true winter wonderland, offering an incredible variety of outdoor
activities for every type of winter sports enthusiast. From thrilling
downhill runs to peaceful cross-country trails, the region is a paradise
for snow lovers.
Skiing and Snowboarding
Tyrol boasts some of
the world’s most renowned ski resorts, including legendary destinations
like Sölden, Ischgl, St. Anton am Arlberg, and Kitzbühel. With over
3,000 km of groomed pistes across interconnected ski areas, skiers and
snowboarders can enjoy everything from gentle beginner slopes to
challenging black diamond runs and off-piste freeriding. Modern lift
systems, high-altitude glaciers (allowing skiing even in summer), and
excellent snow reliability make Tyrol a top choice for winter holidays.
Tobogganing and Other Activities
In addition to skiing and
snowboarding, traditional Austrian tobogganing (sledding) is hugely
popular. Many resorts maintain illuminated natural toboggan runs, some
stretching several kilometers. Other winter highlights include romantic
horse-drawn sleigh rides through snow-covered valleys, ice skating on
frozen lakes, winter hiking on cleared paths, and snowshoeing amid
stunning alpine scenery. Après-ski culture is vibrant, with cozy
mountain huts serving hearty Tyrolean specialties like Käsespätzle and
Glühwein.
Summer in Tyrol
When the snow melts, Tyrol reveals
its lush green side, becoming an ideal destination for active outdoor
enthusiasts who prefer mountains, fresh air, and crystal-clear waters.
Hiking
The region features thousands of kilometers of well-marked
hiking trails, ranging from easy valley walks to demanding high-alpine
routes. Iconic paths include sections of the Eagle’s Trail (Adlerweg),
which crosses the entire Tyrol, and numerous routes around the Stubai
and Zillertal Alps. In summer, wildflower meadows, turquoise mountain
lakes, and panoramic viewpoints reward hikers at every turn.
Mountain Biking
Tyrol offers extensive networks of single-track and
forest roads perfect for mountain biking. From family-friendly routes to
demanding downhill trails with bike parks (such as in Serfaus-Fiss-Ladis
or Saalbach-Hinterglemm, though the latter is nearby Salzburg), cyclists
of all levels will find suitable terrain. E-bike rental is widely
available, making the steeper climbs more accessible.
Swimming
Despite its alpine setting, Tyrol has many opportunities to cool off.
Swim in pristine mountain lakes like Achensee (often called the
“Tyrolean Sea”), Plansee, or the crystal-clear Weissensee. Many lakes
have excellent water quality and offer beaches, boat rentals, and water
sports. Indoor and outdoor swimming pools in towns provide alternatives
on cooler days.
Golf
The Kitzbühel region stands out as one of
Austria’s premier golf destinations. Around 20 high-quality golf courses
lie within roughly an hour’s drive, including the famous Kitzbühel
Schwarzsee-Reith course with its breathtaking alpine backdrop. The mild
summer climate, varied terrain, and surrounding mountain views create an
unforgettable golfing experience for players of all handicaps. Many
hotels offer special golf packages with green fee discounts and
transfers.
Tyrol perfectly balances adrenaline-packed adventure with
relaxation, whether you visit in the snowy winter months or the sunny
summer season. The region’s excellent infrastructure, traditional
hospitality, and diverse culinary scene make it a year-round destination
that never disappoints.
Tyrolean cuisine is hearty, rustic, and deeply rooted in the region's
peasant traditions from the 18th and 19th centuries. It emphasizes
resourcefulness, with a notably economical use of meat and a focus on
filling, comforting staples that sustained generations of mountain
farmers and herders. The four foundational elements of Tyrolean cooking
are often summed up as Knödln (dumplings), Nudln (noodles/pasta), Nockn
(small dumplings or gnocchi-like drops), and Plenten (polenta or
cornmeal dishes). These reflect the practical use of available grains,
potatoes, and dairy.
The cuisine naturally incorporates Italian
influences from the south, while South Tyrol, Friuli, and Veneto show
strong reciprocal influences from North Tyrol. This cross-border
exchange has created a rich culinary dialogue across the Alpine regions.
Signature Tyrolean Dishes
Bacon Dumplings (Speckknödel): Classic
bread dumplings studded with Tyrolean Speck (smoked bacon), herbs, and
onions. They are typically served in clear broth as a starter or as a
hearty main course.
Cheese Spaetzle (Käsespätzle): Fresh egg noodles
tossed with melted mountain cheese and crispy fried onions — a beloved
comfort food often baked until golden and bubbly.
Tyrolean Gröstl: A
popular skillet dish made from pan-fried potatoes, onions, and leftover
meat (usually beef or pork) or bacon. It is traditionally topped with a
fried egg and chives, resembling a rustic hash. This leftover dish has
become a national favorite.
Schlutzkrapfen: Tyrol’s take on ravioli
or half-moon pasta pockets. They are filled with spinach and ricotta,
potato, or sometimes beetroot, then boiled and generously finished with
melted butter, chives, and grated cheese.
Other specialties include
sweet and savory donuts (distinct from carnival varieties) and Kiachl —
fluffy yeast-dough fritters, often enjoyed with sauerkraut or jam.
Meats, Breads, and Preserved Goods
Tyrol is renowned for its
high-quality cured meats. The star is Tyrolean Speck (smoked, dry-cured
ham with a distinctive juniper and herb profile), which is protected by
geographical indication. Long-lasting sausages like Kaminwurzen (smoky,
air-dried sausages hung in chimneys) are perfect for mountain hikes or
snacks.
Breads are equally distinctive:
Schüttelbrot: A
long-keeping, crispy flatbread made with rye and spices, ideal for
storage in alpine conditions.
Vinschgerl (or Vinschgauer): Spiced rye
flatbreads originating from the Vinschgau Valley, often enjoyed with
Speck and cheese.
These preserved foods highlight the region's
history of self-sufficiency in harsh mountain environments.
For your safety while exploring the mountains and valleys of Tyrol,
save these essential emergency numbers:
European Emergency
Number: 112 (connects to the appropriate service)
Fire Department:
122
Police: 133
Ambulance / Emergency Doctor: 144
Mountain
Rescue: 140
Medical Emergency Service / Physician on Call: 141
Accident and Breakdown Assistance / Towing:
ÖAMTC: 120
ARBÖ: 123
The Tyrolean identity results from the history of the mountain region
and, as a regional identity, is one of the most pronounced
self-definitions of an ethnic group in Central Europe, similar to
neighboring Old Bavaria: a Tyrolean sees himself as a Tyrolean in the
state of Tyrol, he does not see himself as an Austrian and not in
Austria. If a traditional Tyrolean is called Austrian by a non-Tyrolean,
this is often accepted out of politeness towards a stranger, but it is
considered ignorance of the situation.
Furthermore, the Tyrolean
identity is then a multiple identity with, from the Tyrolean point of
view, great differences in culture and mentality in the individual
regions. The Unterländer from the Tiroler Unterland were exposed to a
strong influence of the Bavarians of the time under Napoleon and are
considered more lively and modern within Tirol, the Oberländer from the
Oberland are considered more thoughtful and serious. The Zillertal has a
certain independence from both, and the Tyrolean Unterland east of the
Ziller River historically belongs to the Archdiocese of Salzburg and not
to Innsbruck and Tyrol. East Tyrol, as a former part of South Tyrol and
only isolated from the other parts of the federal state of Tyrol since
1919, also has an independent position. This applies even more to the
Ausserfern with its historical connection to the Alemannic-speaking area
(Augsburg) in the otherwise Bavarian Tyrol. The situation in South Tyrol
must be seen against the special background that the South Tyroleans had
to fight for their own cultural identity for a long time after the
forced separation from Tyrol in Italy.
Location and Borders
The Austrian state of Tyrol covers about
12,648–12,683 km² (roughly 4,880–4,897 sq mi), making it Austria’s
third-largest federal state. It is divided into two non-contiguous parts
by a narrow strip of Salzburg state:
North Tyrol (Nordtirol) —
The larger, northern section, centered around Innsbruck.
East Tyrol
(Osttirol) — The smaller southeastern part, around Lienz.
It
borders:
North: Bavaria (Germany).
West: Vorarlberg (Austria) and
the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
East: Salzburg and Carinthia
(Austria).
South: South Tyrol (Italy) and parts of Veneto/Belluno.
The broader historical Tyrol region spans about 26,673 km² and
includes South Tyrol in Italy. The entire area lies within the Alps,
with the Brenner Pass as a key north-south corridor.
Topography
and Mountain Ranges
Tyrol is wholly Alpine in character, with rugged
terrain where only a small percentage (around 13%) is suitable for
settlement; the rest consists of steep slopes, forests, pastures, and
high peaks. More than 600 peaks exceed 3,000 m.
Key ranges include:
Central Alps (southern parts): Silvretta, Ötztal Alps, Stubai Alps,
Tuxer Alps, Zillertal Alps, and Hohe Tauern (including Austria’s highest
mountain, the Großglockner at 3,798 m / 12,460 ft, on the border with
Carinthia). These feature glaciers (e.g., in the Ötztal) and are ideal
for skiing. The Wildspitze (3,768–3,774 m) is another prominent peak in
the Ötztal Alps.
Limestone Alps (northern and northeastern):
Karwendel and Kaiser ranges (rugged and barren), Lechtaler Alps.
Other notable areas: Kitzbühel Alps (slate mountains in the east), Lienz
Dolomites in East Tyrol, and Wilder Kaiser.
The landscape
features sharp contrasts: glaciated granite/gneiss peaks, deep gorges,
turquoise lakes (e.g., Achensee, the “Sea of Tirol”), roaring
waterfalls, and rolling alpine pastures. Valleys carve through the
mountains, creating habitable and scenic corridors.
Prehistoric and Ancient Times
Human settlement in Tyrol dates back
to the end of the last Ice Age, around 10,000–12,000 BC, with
hunter-gatherers. By around 4,000 BC, agricultural communities replaced
earlier groups. The region is famous for Ötzi the Iceman, a
5,300-year-old (Copper Age) mummy discovered in the Ötztal Alps in 1991,
providing extraordinary insights into prehistoric life, tools, clothing,
and diet.
Celtic tribes inhabited the area before Roman times. Around
15 BC, the Romans incorporated parts of Tyrol into their empire,
establishing roads like the Via Claudia Augusta that linked Italy to the
Danube and beyond. Settlements were limited; a notable Roman site is
Aguntum near Lienz in East Tyrol. The Romans did not heavily colonize
the high Alps but used the region for transit.
After the fall of the
Western Roman Empire (5th–6th centuries), the area fragmented. Southern
Tyrol came under the Lombards (Kingdom of Italy), northern parts under
the Bavarii, and western areas under Alamannia. Christianization began,
evidenced by many churches and chapels. Charlemagne’s conquest of the
Lombards in 774 made Tyrol an important bridge to Italy.
Medieval
Period and the Rise of the County of Tyrol
In the early Middle Ages,
Tyrol was influenced by Bavarian dukes and local ecclesiastical powers
(bishops of Trent/Brixen). The name "Tyrol" derives from Tyrol Castle
(Schloss Tirol) near Merano (Meran), seat of the Counts of Tyrol from
the 12th century.
The Counts of Tyrol gradually consolidated power in
the 12th–13th centuries, acquiring lands from the bishops. By the late
13th century, under the Meinhardiner dynasty (especially Meinhard II),
the "County and Reign of Tyrol" was firmly established, extending
influence over much of the region. Key developments included mining
(silver, copper) and strategic control of Alpine passes.
The dynasty
ended with Margaret, Countess of Tyrol (Margaret Maultasch,
"Mouth-bag"), whose complex marital and political life involved
conflicts with Bavarian and Luxembourg houses. Upon her death in 1369
(after the Meinhardiner line died out), Tyrol passed to the House of
Habsburg via inheritance arrangements. This was a pivotal moment,
linking Tyrol to the broader Habsburg domains.
Habsburg Rule
(1363–1918)
Under the Habsburgs, Tyrol became a strategic corridor
connecting their Austrian, Swiss, and Italian-adjacent territories. It
was ruled by various Habsburg lines, often as a semi-autonomous county
with its own estates (Landtag) including nobles, burghers, and peasants.
Innsbruck grew as an important center; under Emperor Maximilian I (late
15th century), it served as a de facto imperial residence.
Economic Golden Age: The 15th–16th centuries saw booming mining (e.g.,
Schwaz as a major Habsburg mining hub) and trade.
Religious Turmoil:
The Reformation had some impact, but the Counter-Reformation reinforced
Catholicism. Peasants' revolts occurred in 1525.
Defensive Spirit:
Tyroleans developed a reputation for independence and mountain warfare
skills.
In the Napoleonic Wars, Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria (1805,
Peace of Pressburg). This sparked the Tyrolean Rebellion (1809) led by
Andreas Hofer, a innkeeper and folk hero. Tyrolean forces used guerrilla
tactics in the mountains, winning battles like at Bergisel, but were
ultimately crushed. Hofer was executed in 1810. Tyrol returned to
Austrian control after the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815).
As a Crown
Land of the Austrian Empire (and later Austria-Hungary from 1867), Tyrol
enjoyed relative stability but faced tensions from nationalism. It
remained a key transit and military region.
World War I and
Partition (1919)
Tyrol was a major theater in WWI, with brutal
fighting along the Italian front in the Dolomites and Alps.
Austria-Hungary’s defeat led to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
(1919). The southern part (South Tyrol, with a German-speaking majority)
was ceded to Italy, fulfilling Italian irredentist claims and strategic
desires for the Brenner Pass frontier (per the secret Treaty of London,
1915). North and East Tyrol stayed with Austria.
This division split
a culturally cohesive region and created the "South Tyrol Question."
20th Century: South Tyrol Under Italy and Autonomy Struggles
In
Italy, South Tyrol faced Italianization policies, especially under
Mussolini’s Fascists (1920s–1930s): German-language schools were
suppressed, place names changed, and immigration from southern Italy
encouraged. The 1939 Option Agreement (Hitler-Mussolini) forced
German-speakers to choose emigration to the Reich or assimilation.
During WWII, the region saw Nazi occupation (1943–1945) after Italy’s
armistice, with further upheaval. Post-WWII, the Gruber-De Gasperi
Agreement (1946) promised autonomy, but implementation lagged, leading
to tensions and terrorism in the 1960s by groups seeking
self-determination.
The Second Statute of Autonomy (1972) granted
significant self-government in education, culture, and economy, making
South Tyrol one of Europe’s wealthiest and most autonomous provinces. It
is officially bilingual (German/Italian), with Ladin recognized in some
valleys. Tensions have largely eased, though identity debates persist.
North Tyrol remained part of Austria, developing as a tourism and winter
sports hub (e.g., Innsbruck Olympics).
Modern Era and Cultural
Legacy
Today, Tyrol embodies Alpine identity with strong traditions
in folklore, music, architecture (e.g., Tyrolean farmhouses), and
cuisine (dumplings/knödel, speck, wine in the south). The Euroregion
promotes cross-border cooperation.
Key themes in Tyrolean history
include resilience against external powers, the centrality of mountains
and passes, mining and trade economies, and the interplay of German,
Italian, and Ladin cultures. The region’s history reflects broader
European shifts—from feudal counties to empires, world wars, and modern
regionalism.
Christianity reached the region early, with evidence dating back to
around the 3rd–4th centuries AD in the broader Austrian area (e.g.,
martyrdom of St. Florian in 304 AD). After the migrations, Bavarian
settlers and missionaries further Christianized the western parts of
what is now Austria, including Tyrol, leading to the founding of
monasteries. By the Early Middle Ages, the region was integrated into
the stem duchy of Bavaria within the Holy Roman Empire.
In the Late
Middle Ages, the County of Tyrol emerged as a distinct entity. It came
under Habsburg control in the 14th century, aligning it with the dynasty
that positioned itself as a bulwark of Catholicism. Tyrol became known
for its strong Catholic identity, earning nicknames like a "Holy Land"
in reference to its fervent faith.
During the Protestant Reformation
in the 16th century, parts of Tyrol (like much of Austria) saw
significant adoption of Lutheran ideas. However, the Habsburgs led a
vigorous Counter-Reformation, suppressing Protestantism. A major peasant
revolt in 1525 was crushed, aiding the return to Catholicism. Tyrol
largely remained unaffected by the religious wars that plagued other
areas and reverted firmly to Catholicism. Protestants were later
expelled in some periods (e.g., 1837 references). The region’s isolation
in the Alps and Habsburg patronage helped preserve Catholic dominance.
In the 19th–20th centuries, Tyrol’s Catholic character influenced
resistance movements, such as against Napoleonic/Bavarian occupation
(led by Andreas Hofer) and during WWII (Catholic resistance groups).
Post-WWI division separated Austrian Tyrol from South Tyrol (ceded to
Italy), but Catholic identity remained strong on both sides.
Current Religious Demographics (Focus on Austrian Tyrol)
According to
the 2021 data for the Austrian state of Tyrol (population around 556,300
at the time of relevant stats):
Roman Catholicism: ~66.2% (one of the
highest shares among Austrian federal states).
Eastern Orthodoxy:
~3.1% (growth due to immigration).
Protestantism (mainly
Evangelical/Lutheran): ~3.0%.
Islam: ~8.7% (notable increase from
immigration).
No religious affiliation: ~17.8%.
Other Christians
and religions: Smaller shares.
Tyrol has the highest proportion
of Catholics among Austrian states, contrasting with more secular
Vienna. Church membership has declined nationally (Catholicism dropped
significantly since the late 20th century due to secularization), but
Tyrol remains more traditional.
South Tyrol (in Italy) is similarly
overwhelmingly Catholic, with a very high baptism rate and dense network
of churches, reflecting shared historical roots.
Religious
Landscape and Practices
Churches, Monasteries, and Shrines: Tyrol
features a high density of historic churches, chapels, monasteries, and
wayside shrines (Bildstöcke or Marterln). These dot the mountains,
valleys, and villages, serving as expressions of folk piety. Examples
include grand cathedrals in Innsbruck and sites in South Tyrol like
Novacella Abbey or wayside shrines rooted in early Christian traditions.
Folk Catholicism and Traditions: Religion intertwines with Alpine
culture—pilgrimages, processions, festivals (e.g., tied to saints or the
Assumption), and customs like blessing of animals or harvests. Tyrolean
identity often blends faith with local folklore, music, and architecture
(Gothic, Baroque influences).
Institutions: The Catholic Church
maintains strong influence through education, social services, and
cultural preservation. Tyrol falls under relevant dioceses (e.g.,
Innsbruck).
Modern Trends and Influences
Secularization,
urbanization, and immigration have increased "nones" and religious
diversity (e.g., Muslim communities, Orthodox from the Balkans).
However, Tyrol retains a more conservative, practicing Catholic profile
than urban Austria. Catholicism continues to inform social values,
politics (e.g., conservative parties), and tourism (visiting historic
religious sites).
The current state constitution, the “Tiroler Landesordnung”, came into force in 1989 and has been amended several times since then. Due to the federal structure of Austria and the federal principle of its federal constitution, Tyrol has its own executive and legislative organs as well as its own judicial organ with the state administrative court. All executive, legislative and judiciary bodies are based in the provincial capital of Innsbruck.
The Tyrolean Parliament is the legislative body of the
State of Tyrol. It consists of 36 MPs and is elected every five years.
The state of Tyrol is a stronghold of the ÖVP, which has provided
all provincial governors since 1945. Even in nationwide elections, the
results were always among the top three federal states. The dominance is
due to the historically strong influence of the Roman Catholic Church
and the weak industrial sector in the country, which has undergone a
direct development from an agricultural country to a service country. In
the state elections of 1945, 1949, 1965, 1975, 1979 and 1984, the ÖVP
even won a two-thirds majority of seats in the Tyrolean state
parliament. In the state elections of 1989 it lost the absolute majority
of the votes for the first time, and in 1999 also those based on
mandates. In 2003, the absolute majority based on mandates was won for
the last time. Until the state elections in 1999, the other state
parliament parties were integrated into the government via the
proportional representation system.
The Tyrolean provincial government, as the government elected by the
provincial parliament, is responsible for the implementation of
provincial laws and special federal laws that fall under the
implementation of the provincial governments. The state governor is the
chairman of the state government and the state's head of government,
represented by the deputy state governor. In addition to the provincial
governor and his deputy, the government also includes provincial
councilors with different divisions. After a change in the Tyrolean
state constitution, the proportional representation model gave way to
the interplay between government and opposition, which is also practiced
in the federal government. The ÖVP formed a coalition with the SPÖ from
1999 to 2013 and then decided to work with Die Grünen Tirol.
After the state elections on April 28, 2013, the Tyrolean state
government was formed from a coalition of the ÖVP and the Greens. The
Platter II state government elected on May 24, 2013 included Günther
Platter as governor, new deputies were Josef Geisler (ÖVP) as first
deputy governor and Ingrid Felipe (Greens) as second deputy governor.
Christine Baur (Greens) was newly added as a state councillor, the ÖVP
state councilors remained as before Beate Palfrader, Johannes Tratter,
Bernhard Tilg and Patrizia Zoller-Frischauf.
After the state
elections in Tyrol in 2018, the state government Platter III was formed
and sworn in on March 28, 2018. There were no personnel changes in the
ÖVP. Gabriele Fischer (Greens) replaced Christine Baur as state
councillor.
After the state elections in Tyrol in 2022, the state
government Mattle was formed and sworn in on October 25, 2022 in the
constituent session of the state parliament. For the first time
historically, the ÖVP no longer provides the first deputy governor. This
is now the party leader of the SPÖ Tirol, Georg Dornauer. Other state
government members of the ÖVP are, as before, Josef Geisler as 2nd LH
Deputy. (previously 1st) responsible for agriculture, spatial planning
and land traffic, now Cornelia Hagele as state councilor for health,
care, education and science, Mario Gerber for the economic and tourism
agenda and Astrid Mair for the security agenda and employees. For the
SPÖ, the other two state government members are Eva Pawlata for social
affairs, women and inclusion and René Zumtobel for the agendas of
transport, environmental, nature and climate protection. This is the
first time that a government partner in the Tyrolean state government
has three state government members.
The economic structure in Tyrol varies greatly from region to region.
The greater Innsbruck area has a concentration of educational and
administrative infrastructure with larger industrial companies also
existing at the same time. In the rest of the state, the economy is
predominantly characterized by small and medium-sized businesses,
especially the Oberland, the district of Kitzbühel and East Tyrol are
characterized by a small business structure. In the district of
Kitzbühel, however, there are also industrial and service companies of
European importance in the areas of chipboard, pharmacy, insulating
material and tourism (incoming and outgoing).
The industry is
mainly represented in the greater Innsbruck area, in the districts of
Schwaz and Kufstein (Lower Inn Valley) and in the Reutte area.
Tourism dominates in the Oberland and in the district of Kitzbühel. He
plays a big role across the country. The district of Schwaz has
important industrial areas as well as important tourist regions
(Zillertal and Achensee).
Tyrol has around 360,000 guest beds,
around half of them in hotels and around a third in holiday apartments.
Tyrolean tourism employs around 55,000 workers, many of whom, however,
do not work all year round.
Agriculture does not play a major
role economically, but is important for the country's self-image and for
the preservation of the landscape.
In 2014, the regional gross
domestic product per inhabitant, expressed in purchasing power
standards, was 138% (EU-28: 100% Austria: 129%).
Compared to the
residents of the other Austrian federal states, the Tyroleans earn the
least. While the average gross annual income in Austria in 2005 was
22,611 euros, a resident of Tyrol earned an average of 20,671 euros in
the same period.
Primary sector: 4%
Secondary Sector: 22%
Tertiary sector: 74%
(as of 2019)
Tourism is an important economic sector in Tyrol. This area accounts
for an average of 17.5% of the Tyrolean gross regional product. In
addition, around 55,000 people are employed in Tyrolean tourism.
In the tourism year 2017/18, 12.3 million guests came to the various
municipalities in the federal state. About half of the tourists came
from Germany (52.1% of the 49.4 million overnight stays). In addition,
numerous holidaymakers came from the Netherlands (10.0%), Austria
(8.5%), Switzerland (5.6%) and the United Kingdom (3.4%). Other nations
that played a rather subordinate role just a few years ago are becoming
increasingly important, e.g. B. Russia.
The winter season is
stronger than the summer season. In the tourism year 2017/18, 27.6
million overnight stays were attributable to the winter season (56%) and
21.8 million to the summer season.
Sölden in the far end of the
Ötztal (Imst district) has been the municipality with the most overnight
stays in Austria for years. In 2019, Sölden had 2,577,569 overnight
stays with 17,328 beds.
Historically, Tyrol has been a central intersection of European
long-distance roads and thus a transit country for trans-European trade
across the Alps. Already in 15 BC Tyrol was crossed by the most
important north-south connection of the Roman Empire, the Via Claudia
Augusta. Roman roads led through Tyrol from the Po Valley in today's
Italy, following the course of the Etsch and Eisack in today's South
Tyrol, over the current border at the Brenner Pass and then down the
northern Wipptal valley to Hall. From there, roads branch off along the
Inn. The Via Raetia went west and up to the Seefeld Plateau, where it
transitioned into what is now Bavaria at Scharnitz. From the early 17th
century there is the fortification of the Porta Claudia, which
emphasized the strategic importance of the road even in modern times.
Today, Tyrol has access to international road, rail and air
transport. With Innsbruck Airport, Tyrol has an international airport at
its disposal. There are also some small airfields in various places, for
example in St. Johann in Tirol, in Höfen in the Ausserfern or in
Langkampfen. Many public transport companies are grouped together in the
Verkehrsverbund Tirol.
In 2017, the degree of motorization (cars
per 1,000 inhabitants) was 532.
Two autobahns run through the country: the Tyrolean section of the
Inntal autobahn A 12 begins near Kufstein, which leads to the autobahn
Munich-Salzburg (A 8) near Rosenheim in Bavaria, making it the only
continuous autobahn connection to eastern Austria via the Große
Deutsches Eck. The Inntalautobahn runs from Kufstein through the Inntal,
past the towns of Wörgl, Schwaz, Hall, Innsbruck and Imst to Landeck.
There the Inntal autobahn turns into the Arlberg expressway S 16, which
at St. Anton connects the state with Vorarlberg through the Arlberg road
tunnel. There is a motorway junction near Innsbruck with the A 13
Brenner motorway, which leads south through the Wipptal valley to the
Italian border.
An important inner-Austrian connection (small
German corner) is the Loferer Straße B 178, which leads from Kirchbichl
via St. Johann in Tirol to Unken.
There are connections via state
roads "B" (from west to east):
to the Federal Republic of Germany
near Vils to Pfronten and to Füssen
near Ehrwald to
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
near Scharnitz to Mittenwald
through the
Achental and over the Achenpass to Tegernsee
near Kufstein to
Kiefersfelden
near Niederndorf to Oberaudorf and to Aschau im
Chiemgau
near Kössen to Schleching and to Reit im Winkl
to
Italy
through the Upper Court in the upper Inn Valley and over the
Reschen Pass to Schlanders and on to Meran
through the Ötztal and
over the Timmelsjoch (closed in winter) to St. Leonhard in Passeier and
on to Meran
through the Wipptal and over the Brenner Pass to Sterzing
from Sillian to San Candido
to Switzerland
through the upper
court in the upper Inn valley to Scuol in the Engadin
The north-south connection from Munich to Verona runs near Kufstein
on Tyrolean soil, then to Innsbruck and as the Brenner Railway to the
Brenner Pass, where it leaves the country again in the direction of
Italy. The Innsbruck bypass has been available for freight traffic since
1994, which means that the provincial capital Innsbruck and the city of
Hall could be bypassed by a large part of freight transit traffic. The
east-west connection from Vienna via Linz and Salzburg (the "Austrian
Western Railway") runs through Tyrol as the Unterinntalbahn in two
variants:
The shorter and faster variant leads from Salzburg via
Rosenheim to Kufstein without stopping through Germany,
the longer
and only inner-Austrian line runs as the Salzburg-Tiroler-Bahn or
"Giselabahn" from Salzburg via Schwarzach/St. Veit, reaches Tirol near
Hochfilzen and runs via St. Johann in Tirol and Kitzbühel to Wörgl,
where it meets the Unterinntalbahn at Wörgl main station. This continues
through the Inn Valley to Innsbruck and then as the Arlberg Railway over
the Arlberg to Feldkirch in Vorarlberg, where the line splits in the
direction of Bregenz and Buchs (Switzerland).
Until 2013, there
were two direct trains a day from Innsbruck in North Tyrol to Lienz in
East Tyrol. These trains used the route through South Tyrol and also
stopped at all stations on Italian territory. The route initially runs
in a southerly direction over the Brenner Pass to Franzensfeste and
branches off from the Brenner Railway to the east until it rejoins
Austrian territory after San Candido near Weitlanbrunn. On December 14,
2013, this direct connection was discontinued; Since December 15, 2013,
a double-decker bus has been running from Lienz to Innsbruck and back,
which is why there are no longer any boarding options in South Tyrol.
There are also less frequented international railway connections:
the Mittenwaldbahn runs from Innsbruck via Seefeld and Mittenwald to
Garmisch-Partenkirchen; from there the Ausserfernbahn to Reutte and on
to Kempten (Allgäu). Tyrol also has a good transport infrastructure
system with four other railway lines in local transport:
The IVB
Stubai Valley Railway (STB line) from Innsbruck to Fulpmes
the
Innsbruck low mountain railway of the IVB (line 6) from Innsbruck to
Innsbruck-Igls
the Zillertalbahn from Jenbach to Mayrhofen
and the
Achenseebahn, which only runs in summer, also from Jenbach to Seespitz
The backbone of local transport in the provincial capital is the
Innsbruck tram and light rail system, which is currently being expanded,
while the S-Bahn Tirol is the backbone of regional transport in the
central area. Also important for public transport is the regional bus
network of the VVT, which also opens up the higher valleys.
Tyrol's connection to the railway network began with the Lower Inn
Valley Railway from Kufstein to Innsbruck, which was opened on November
24, 1858 by the North Tyrolean State Railway. The Brenner Railway was
managed by the private k.k. Südbahngesellschaft was built and went into
operation in 1867. The first inner-Austrian connection from Vienna to
Tyrol was established with the completion of the Pustertalbahn in
November 1871. The first inner-Austrian connection created in 1875 was
the Salzburg-Tyrol railway, which had been under construction since
1873.
The Arlberg Railway to the west went into operation in 1883
as far as Landeck, and in 1884 in its entire length to Bludenz in
Vorarlberg. The Ausserfernbahn, which has been in operation since 1895,
has only been connected to the Bavarian network (Garmisch and Kempten
(Allgäu)) since its inception. The Mittenwaldbahn, built between 1910
and 1912, is one of the first standard-gauge railways to be electrified
from the start.
The formation of a fully-fledged railway system
to connect the side valleys (e.g. there were projects for the
development of the Upper Court with the Reschenbahn, the Ötztal, the
Alpbachtal, the Iseltal) was thwarted by the outbreak of the First World
War and was never tackled afterwards.
In the Urnfield period there were numerous settlements due to mining. In Roman times, the town of Aguntum near Lienz was the only significant settlement.
Comparatively little has been preserved from the Romanesque period, as in contrast to South Tyrol, many churches and castles were later rebuilt or rebuilt. Examples are the Leonhard Chapel in Nauders and the St. Nicholas Church in Matrei in Osttirol. The painting is based on Byzantine austerity.
The Gothic style was able to spread in Tyrol especially in the 15th century, when wealth poured into the country through many mines. Much was able to survive later conversions, which can be seen in the pointed church towers, which were mostly preserved even after baroque renovation. Landeck, Schwaz and Seefeld are examples of this. In addition to ecclesiastical buildings, secular ones were built, such as the town hall and Hasegg Castle in Hall, the city tower and the Goldenes Dachl in Innsbruck. The type of Inn-Salzach town developed in the Inn Valley, for example in Innsbruck, Hall and Rattenberg.
The Renaissance style found its way into Tyrol in the course of the
16th century. Only a few important works were created, such as the
Ambras and Tratzberg castles and the tomb of Emperor Maximilian I in the
Hofkirche. Numerous houses in Innsbruck's old town stand at the
transition from Gothic to Renaissance. The Innsbruck area has been an
important European center for bronze casting since the late Gothic
period.
In the Oberland, facade paintings can be found on inns
and town houses (e.g. in Oetz, Habichen, Wenns, Kauns, Ladis).
The splendor of the baroque goes back to the Counter-Reformation,
with baroque forms first appearing in Tyrol around 1620.
The
first notable Baroque buildings are the Servitenkirche near Volders and
the Jesuitenkirche in Innsbruck, both of which have Italian influences.
The important builder family Gumpp determined the architecture of
Innsbruck for three generations. Georg Anton Gumpp created the country
house and the redesign of the Stams Abbey in the Upper Inn Valley. The
Innsbruck Cathedral was designed by the important master builder J.
Herkomer from Füssen. Other important Baroque artists are Jakob
Prandtauer (Melk Abbey), Paul Troger and the Zeiller family of painters
in Ausserfern as representatives of the Lüftlmalerei, a folksy facade
painting.
The Singer family was active in the Unterland. Franz de
Paula Penz worked as a spiritual building director, through him many
village churches were built south of Innsbruck. His main work is the
Wilten Basilica, which is considered a high point of the Rococo. Rococo
stucco also adorns the façade of the Helblinghaus in Innsbruck.
At the end of the 18th century, classicism with simple, strictly
structured architecture emerged as a counter-movement to the baroque. It
can be seen in the church in Neustift im Stubaital, more clearly in that
in Brixen im Thale. The Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent economic
crisis were detrimental to further building activity. The façade of the
Landestheater in Innsbruck from 1846 features classical columns.
From the middle of the 19th century, several churches were built in the
style of historicism (neo-Romanesque and neo-Gothic), for example in
Telfs, Weerberg, St. Nikolaus. Large-scale wall paintings in the church
interiors took up the Renaissance style of the Nazarenes again.
The ornamental Art Nouveau at the turn of the century left few traces in
Tyrol. The most important ones can be found in Kufstein and at the
Winklerhaus near the Triumphpforte in Innsbruck.
Literature and
painting experienced an upswing in the 19th century. Franz von Defregger
and his pupil Albin Egger-Lienz shaped the image of Tyrol with their
genre paintings of Tyrolean peasant life. The geology professor and
geographer Adolf Pichler was initially a scientist, later he became one
of the most influential poets of the 19th century. With the playwright
Franz Kranewitter, Tyrolean literature entered the modern era.
Albin Egger-Lienz was at the beginning of modernism, Alfons Walde
took up his motifs again and worked as the architect of the Hahnenkamm
cable car stations in Kitzbühel. Some of the plays by the playwright
Karl Schönherr became world successes. In 1910, Ludwig von Ficker
founded the literary magazine Der Brenner, a forum for cultural
criticism. He was also a patron of Georg Trakl.
After the First
World War, there was a movement for renewal in architecture, supported
above all by Clemens Holzmeister and Alois Welzenbacher. Max Weiler
caused a scandal with his frescoes in the Theresienkirche on Innsbruck's
Hungerburg. Among other things, he designed the murals at the main
station in 1954, which were removed and hung up again on the new main
station building in 2004. Paul Flora had a drawing style similar to
caricature.
Markus Wilhelm, Hans Haid and Felix Mitterer take a
critical look at Tyrol and the effects of mass tourism. Mitterer's
best-known work is probably the television satire The Piefke Saga.
Tyrol is home to Austria's only endemic mammal, the Bavarian short-eared mouse (Microtus liechtensteini bavaricus).