The Moscow Region is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation,
which is part of the Central Federal District. The administrative center
of the Moscow region is the city of Moscow (not part of the region),
part of the administrative authorities of the region is located in
Krasnogorsk. In terms of population, it surpasses all other subjects of
the federation, second only to Moscow.
The region is located in
the central part of the East European Plain in the basin of the Volga,
Oka, Klyazma, and Moscow rivers. It borders on the northwest and north
with the Tver region, in the northeast and east - on the Vladimir
region, in the southeast - on the Ryazan region, in the south - on the
Tula region, in the southwest - on the Kaluga region, in the west - on
the Smolensk region, in in the center - with the city of federal
significance, the capital of Russia, Moscow. There is also a small
northern section of the border with the Yaroslavl region.
The
Moscow Region was formed on January 14, 1929. Historically, the region
was preceded by the Moscow province, formed in 1708. The region was part
of the Central Industrial Region, formed in the course of consolidation
of units of the administrative-territorial division of the RSFSR, and on
June 3, 1929, it was renamed the Moscow Region.
The region
consists of 52 cities of regional subordination (with their
administrative territories), 3 urban-type settlements of regional
subordination (with their administrative territories) and 5 closed
administrative-territorial entities. In terms of municipal division, the
region consists of 60 urban districts.
The region got its name
from Moscow, which, however, is a separate subject of the Russian
Federation and is not part of the region. The bodies of state power of
the Moscow region are located on the territory of the city of Moscow and
the Moscow region. In 2007, most of the executive authorities were moved
to the new Government House of the Moscow Region, located on the
territory of the city of Krasnogorsk, 350 meters from the border with
Moscow.
Moscow
Capital of the Russian
Federation, city of federal significance
West of the Moscow
region
Volokolamsk, Istra, Krasnogorsk, Lotoshinsky, Mozhaysky,
Naro-Fominsk, Odintsovo, Ruzsky and Shakhovskoy urban districts
Here
are the historical cities of Volokolamsk, Ruza, Istra, Zvenigorod,
Mozhaisk and Vereya.
North of the Moscow region
Dmitrovsky,
Dolgoprudnensky, Klinsky, Mytishchinsky, Pushkinsky, Sergiev-Posadsky,
Solnechnogorsky, Taldomsky, Khimki and Shchelkovsky urban districts
Here are the historical cities of Sergiev Posad, Dmitrov and Klin.
East of the Moscow region
Balashikhinsky, Voskresensky,
Egorevsky, Kolomna, Lukhovitsky, Luberetsky, Noginsky, Orekhovo-Zuevsky,
Pavlovo-Posadsky, Ramensky and Shatursky urban districts
Here are the
historical cities of Yegorievsk, Kolomna, Ozyory, Pavlovsky Posad,
Orekhovo-Zuevo, Balashikha, Noginsk and Bronnitsy.
South of the
Moscow region
Domodedovsky, Zaraisky, Leninsky, Podolsky, Kashirsky,
Serebryano-Prudsky, Serpukhov, Stupinsky and Chekhov city districts
Here are the historical cities of Podolsk, Serpukhov, Chekhov, Zaraysk
and Kashira.
Balashikha
Bronnitsy
Vereya
Volokolamsk
Dmitrov is a city of the same age as
Moscow, with a Kremlin and temples of the 16th century and wooden urban
buildings of the 19th century.
Yegorievsk
Zaraysk is one of the
most well-preserved Kremlins of the 16th century in Russia.
Zvenigorod, famous for the production of musical instruments and
frescoes by Andrey Rublev in the Assumption Cathedral
Istra - the
patrimony of Patriarch Nikon, conceived as the New Jerusalem
Kashira
Klin - house-museum of P. I. Tchaikovsky
Kolomna is an ancient city with a
preserved Kremlin and the Church of John the Baptist of the 14th
century.
Likino-Dulyovo is a city where the famous Dulyovo porcelain
and the equally famous LiAZ buses are produced.
Mozhaisk is the
center of a specific principality of the 15th century with the
Novo-Nikolsky Cathedral of the 18th century in a pseudo-Gothic style
rare for Russia
Mytishchi is the birthplace of the first Moscow water
pipeline
Noginsk
Ozyory
Orekhovo-Zuevo
Pavlovsky Posad
Podolsk
Ruza
Sergiev
Posad - the city of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, the spiritual center
of Central Russia
Serpukhov, which preserved the urban development of the
XVIII-XIX centuries
Chekhov
Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve
By train
Most cities in the Moscow region can be reached by
trains. Electric trains run from Moscow railway stations: Yaroslavsky,
Kazansky, Kursky, Leningradsky, Belorussky, Savelovsky, Paveletsky,
Rizhsky, Kievsky. A one-way train ticket is valid for one trip during
the date indicated on it, as well as for one hour of the next day. You
can not make stops at an intermediate station and again go further on
the same ticket. With such a ticket, the turnstile will not let the
passenger through. A return ticket is valid for one trip from 00:00 of
the day indicated on the ticket, at least until the end of the next day.
Tickets are sold at the box office and vending machines at the
respective stations, both cash and non-cash payment is possible. In
addition, a ticket can be bought in the official application “TsPPK
Schedule and Tickets” or “Yandex. Electric trains, payment by credit
card. Through the application from the CPPK, you can also buy non-cash
tickets for federal beneficiaries. When buying a ticket through the
application for the boarding pass, you will need to find a turnstile
with the inscription "For mobile applications" and perform a two-stage
procedure: activation of the ticket using a QR code + reading an
electronic ticket with a scanner. Passengers have the opportunity to buy
subscription and discount tickets, benefits are valid for labor
veterans, children, schoolchildren, etc.
By car
By car, the
cities of the Moscow region can be reached along many highways diverging
from Moscow. In recent years, part of the highway has been
reconstructed, expanded, and junctions are being made. A central ring
road is being built in the region.
By bus
From the terminal
stations of the Moscow metro, you can transfer to buses to the region.
SUE MO "Mostransavto" serves most bus routes.
Buses
The main carrier is Mostransavto. It serves intercity and
intracity routes in the Moscow region. The official website has
historical maps for the mid-2000s, and current schedules. Schedules on
the site may not coincide with the schedules at the bus stations, those
that are written on the signs are considered priority. There are also
private carriers in the cities that also accept the Strelka card. Some
routes may be operated jointly by several carriers. Private carriers
usually do not have websites or maps, but only signs at stops.
Trolleybus and tram
Managed by city organizations. The payment system
is the same as on buses.
Fare payment
The easiest way to pay
for travel is through PayPass:
Enter the front door
Find a green
tap in/tap out terminal and attach a bank card
If not found, then
pass the card or money to the driver, and say the name of the stop.
Attach the card to the terminal when exiting
On advertisements on
buses, it is recommended to purchase the Strelka card at the ticket
offices of bus stations. It operates in the electronic wallet mode.
Top-ups can be made through TsPPK machines, Sberbank ATMs in the Moscow
Region and through the website. But since 2018, when they began to
accept Pay wave, they are not relevant for tourism.
Since June
2022, cash payment in the region's public transport has become
impossible, and now it is also impossible to buy a ticket from the
driver. If you did not buy a ticket before boarding, then you can use
bank cards, as well as Troika and Strelka cards to pay for the fare.
At bus stations, sometimes you need to buy a ticket at the box
office, sometimes on the bus, in each city in its own way, but there
payment is only in cash. Some random routes may have conductors, or a
tap in-tap out system for Strelka.
Tariff for the summer of 2021:
around the city along the Strelka 37 rubles.
Cities have McDonald's and Burger King fast food chains, often with one establishment per city. In all settlements, except for villages, there are chain grocery stores Pyaterochka, Magnit and Diksi. They can also warm up or cool down under the air conditioner.
The territory of the modern Moscow region was inhabited more than 20
thousand years ago (see Zaraisk site). At the Minino 2 site near the
village of Minino on the Zabolotsky peat bog, layers of the final
Paleolithic Ressetian and Mesolithic Butovo cultures were revealed.
Bronze Age burial grounds of Fatyanovo, numerous burial mounds, and
settlements of the Iron Age (mainly the Dyakovo culture) are known
within the region. Burial mounds of the 10th-12th centuries are
widespread. Until the 9th-10th centuries, the territory of the Moskva
River basin and the adjacent lands were inhabited mainly by the
Finno-Ugric tribes of the Meryan and Meshchera, as well as the Baltic
golyad. Active development of these lands by the Slavs began only in the
9th-11th centuries. The population was engaged in hunting, beekeeping,
fishing, farming and cattle breeding.
In the middle of the 12th
century, the lands of the present Moscow region mainly became part of
the Vladimir-Suzdal principality (the territories adjacent to the Oka
were part of the Chernigov principality, and from the lower reaches of
the Moscow River they then entered the Ryazan principality that
separated from it; west and south-west of the upper reaches of the
Moscow rivers and Protva were part of the Smolensk principality; in the
north-west, in the Volok Lamsky region, there was an enclave of the
Novgorod Republic until the middle of the 15th century). The foundation
of the first cities on this territory dates back to the same time
(Volokolamsk, 1135; Moscow, 1147; Zvenigorod, 1152; Dmitrov, 1154;
Kolomna, 1177). Crafts and trade were concentrated in cities, they
became strongholds of princely power.
In the first half of the
13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal land, including the lands near
Moscow, was conquered by the Mongol-Tatars; During the Tatar-Mongol
yoke, the territories near Moscow were repeatedly plundered. Of the
specific principalities of the Vladimir-Suzdal land, during the years of
the Tatar-Mongol yoke, the Moscow one rose most; it was the center of
the unification of Russian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries and a
stronghold of the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Cities
retained a defensive function until the 18th century. Monasteries played
a significant role in the economic and cultural development of the
territory of the present Moscow region, especially the Trinity-Sergius
Lavra founded in the middle of the 14th century, which became one of the
important centers of national revival. After 1521, the entire territory
of the present Moscow region was part of the unified Russian state. The
history of the Moscow region is inextricably linked with the military
events of the Time of Troubles - the Bolotnikov uprising, the Trinity
siege, the first and second militias. The Moscow region recovered from
the consequences of the ruin only by the middle of the 17th century; at
this time, the development of industry began (the ironworks of Boris
Morozov in the village of Pavlovskoye, the shipyard in the village of
Dedinovo, etc.). As a result of the split of the Russian Orthodox Church
in Guslitsa and in the vicinity of Orekhov-Zuev, areas of compact
residence of the Old Believers were formed.
In 1708, by decree of Peter I, the Moscow province was established,
which included most of the territory of the present Moscow region. With
the transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, the
importance of the Moscow region as an economic center began to decline,
in the 18th century the light industry, mainly the textile industry,
began to play a decisive role in the economy. In the 18th century,
manufactory, and then the factory industry, developed in Moscow and the
cities of the Moscow region. In particular, in the 18th century, silk
and cotton production became widespread in the Moscow province;
finishing, dyeing-spinning, spinning factories were built. Waterways
played a significant role in the development of trade - for example, the
Oka was an important trade artery, the ports of Serpukhov and Kolomna
had a large trade turnover. The construction of the Vyshnevolotsk water
system contributed to the strengthening of trade relations with the
Baltic. The geography of trade relations, characteristic of the 18th
century, was preserved in the next century - the role of the center
belonged to Moscow. In 1781, there were significant changes in the
administrative division of the Moscow province: Vladimir, Ryazan and
Kostroma governorships were separated from the former territory of the
province, and the remaining territory was divided into 15 counties. This
scheme lasted, without undergoing major changes, until 1929.
Many
important events of the Patriotic War of 1812 took place on the
territory of the Moscow province. On September 7, one of the largest
battles of the war, the Battle of Borodino, took place on the Borodino
field near Mozhaisk. On September 14-18, the Russian army under the
command of M. I. Kutuzov, after leaving Moscow, undertook the famous
march maneuver.
In the second half of the 19th century,
especially after the peasant reform of 1861, the Moscow province
experienced a strong economic upswing. By this time, the formation of
the railway network. In 1851, the first railway line appeared on the
territory of the province, connecting Moscow and St. Petersburg; On the
eve of the First World War, the 11th beam of the Moscow hub, Lyubertsy -
Arzamas, was put into operation. Settlements located near railways
received a powerful incentive for development, while the location of
settlements away from railways often contributed to their economic
decline.
The main industry of the province in the second half of
the 19th century continued to be textile. Mechanical engineering also
developed, the development of which was greatly facilitated by intensive
railway construction. So, in the second half of the 19th century, a
large Kolomna machine-building plant was opened, in the same period a
car-building plant in Mytishchi began to operate. At the same time, the
size of arable land in the Moscow province was reduced (for example, in
1860-1913, the arable area decreased by 37%). Such branches of
agriculture as horticulture, suburban gardening, and dairy farming have
risen. The population of the Moscow region has grown significantly (and
if in 1847 1.13 million people lived in the province, then in 1905 it
was already 2.65 million); Moscow, on the eve of the First World War,
was a city with a million inhabitants.
In November 1917, Soviet power was established in the Moscow
province.
The transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow in
1918 contributed to the economic recovery of the province. After the
Civil War, most businesses were rebuilt; the sectoral structure of the
industry as a whole was preserved, however, along with the textile
industry, the knitwear and clothing industries developed, and heavy
industry enterprises appeared. The electric power industry began to
develop - in 1922, the Kashirskaya GRES gave its first current; in the
1920s, a large plant "Elektrostal" was formed. In the 1920s - 1930s, in
the course of the anti-church activities of the state, many churches
near Moscow were closed, later religious buildings performed various
functions not related to their original functions (warehouses, garages,
vegetable stores, etc.), many were empty and destroyed, some cultural
monuments were completely lost; the restoration of most of the affected
temples was started only in the 1990s.
On January 14, 1929, in
the course of consolidation of units of the administrative-territorial
division of the RSFSR, the Central Industrial Region was formed. A few
months after the establishment, on June 3, the region was renamed
Moscow. In 1931, a significant event took place in the history of the
Moscow region - by the decision of the Politburo, the city of Moscow was
separated into an independent administrative and economic unit. In the
1920s and 1930s, other administrative transformations were also carried
out. Many settlements were given urban status, the category of
urban-type settlements was introduced; new cities and urban-type
settlements were formed mainly near industrial enterprises (Krasnogorsk,
Dolgoprudny, Fryazino, Elektrostal, etc.).
Since the 1930s, the
restructuring of the sectoral structure of the economy of the Moscow
region began. The branches of heavy industry (primarily mechanical
engineering) have received the greatest development. The importance of
the chemical industry increased (for example, a large plant for the
production of mineral fertilizers and a cement plant "Gigant" were built
in Voskresensk), the production of building materials, and the defense
industry. Peat extraction developed in the east of the region. At the
same time, the development of cities proceeded slowly, where industry
was poorly developed even before the revolution.
In 1941-1942,
one of the most significant military operations of the Great Patriotic
War, the Battle for Moscow, took place on the territory of the Moscow
Region. It began in late September - early October 1941. The Mozhaisk
line of defense was put into action. Industrial enterprises were
evacuated to the east. The western, northwestern, southern and
southwestern territories of the region were under occupation. In the
north, German troops approached Dmitrov and Krasnaya Polyana (modern
Lobnya), in the south - to Kashira and Zaraysk. With particular force,
the fighting near Moscow flared up from mid-October. Tens of thousands
of residents of the Moscow region went into the militia. The advance of
the enemy was stopped. However, already in mid-November, the general
offensive of the German troops continued; the fighting was accompanied
by heavy losses on both sides. On December 5-6, the Red Army launched a
counteroffensive. During December, most of the occupied cities of the
Moscow region (Solnechnogorsk, Klin, Istra, Volokolamsk, etc.) were
liberated from fascist troops. Moscow managed to eliminate the immediate
threat, the front line was moved 100-250 km from the capital. Military
actions caused significant damage to the population and economy of the
region. During the fighting, 584 settlements were completely destroyed,
and 2280 were partially destroyed. The cities of Istra, Volokolamsk,
Klin, Naro-Fominsk, Ruza, and Vereya were badly damaged. It took several
years to restore the economy. During the war, some cultural monuments
were also damaged (for example, significant damage was inflicted on the
New Jerusalem Monastery, where, in particular, in 1941, the largest
architectural structure, the Resurrection Cathedral, was blown up).
In the postwar years, the growth of the region's economic potential
continued; ties between production and science intensified, a number of
science cities were founded (Dubna, Troitsk, Pushchino, Chernogolovka).
The main branches of industry that actively developed in the postwar
period were chemistry, mechanical engineering, precision
instrumentation, and the electric power industry. Since the 1960s, the
Moscow Region has become one of the important centers for the
development of astronautics in the country - large enterprises and the
Mission Control Center were located in Kaliningrad (now Korolev), and
the Cosmonaut Training Center was organized in Star City. By the
beginning of the 1980s, the leading branches of specialization in the
Moscow Region were manufacturing and science. The development of
transport continued: a system of main gas pipelines and high-voltage
power lines was created, electrification of main railway lines was
carried out, a network of main roads was being formed (one of the
largest projects was the construction of the Moscow Ring Road). The
population of cities grew rapidly; a powerful Moscow urban agglomeration
was formed. In 1960, 1984 and 1988, parts of the districts located near
Moscow were annexed to the capital.
By the second half of the
1980s, a restructuring of the structure of employment began - there was
a drop in employment in the traditional industrial sectors of the
economy, accompanied by an increase in employment in the service sector.
The service sector was concentrated in the core of the agglomeration -
Moscow; as a result, commuting became an important demographic
phenomenon in the Moscow region. The countryside gradually lost its
agricultural functions, while its recreational value increased; the
permanent rural population was involved in pendulum migrations, the
temporary, seasonal population increased significantly.
Now the Moscow region is a subject of the Russian Federation.
The economy of the Moscow region experienced a deep crisis in the 1990s;
in 1996, the volume of industrial production amounted to only 30% of the
volume of 1990; the number of employed decreased by almost 500 thousand
people; The manufacturing industries suffered the most losses. Science
is also in deep crisis. The sectoral structure of industry has changed:
the food industry and the construction industry have been actively
developing, light industry has declined, and mechanical engineering has
maintained its leading position. The economic growth that began in 1997
was halted by the 1998 crisis. However, since the first half of the
2000s, a rapid recovery of the economy after the crisis began, the gross
regional product of the subject grew at a high rate, in 2003 the region
ranked 4th in Russia in terms of GRP. At the same time, a full recovery
of the volume of industrial production relative to the pre-crisis level
did not occur (in 2002, the volume was only 58% of the 1990 level).
By the end of the 2000s, the debt of the regional government and
companies of the region increased (and reached 82% in August 2008) due
to the inefficient management of financial resources by the regional
government - in particular, due to corruption related to the illegal
transfer of land to private ownership, and embezzlement of budgetary
funds; fraud cases were filed against a number of former officials of
the regional government. The total amount of damage caused to the
regional budget was estimated at 27 billion rubles. In December 2009,
the public debt of the Moscow Region amounted to 160 billion rubles
(second place in Russia), by the beginning of 2012 it was reduced to
106.3 billion rubles.
Since the 1990s, due to the motorization of
the population and commuting, the traffic situation in the Moscow region
has deteriorated significantly; traffic jams have become commonplace on
the area's roads. In the same years, the functional restructuring of the
Moscow agglomeration began; some functions of the "core" (consumption,
entertainment, production) began to move to the periphery, to the Moscow
region. As a result, belts of shopping, entertainment and logistics
complexes have formed around the Moscow Ring Road in the Moscow Region.
New factories oriented to the Moscow market were placed by manufacturers
in the Moscow region. There was an active development of the service
sector, and already in the early 2000s, in some areas, the service
sector accounted for the bulk of the gross product (for example, in the
Khimki district - over 90%). For 10 years, from 2001 to 2010, the Moscow
region has become one of the most attractive regions for investors in
Russia; investments during this period increased by 28 times, foreign
investments in 2011 amounted to 2.6 billion dollars (2nd place in Russia
after Moscow). Since the end of the 1990s, in the cities of the Moscow
Region closest to Moscow, a boom in integrated residential development
has begun (the indicator of housing commissioning per capita in 2006 was
almost three times higher than the Russian average), since 2004 the
region has been ranked first in the country . Some of the cities closest
to Moscow (like Odintsovo, Krasnogorsk, Mytishchi) actually became
sleeping areas of the capital.
In the 2000s, as a result of
administrative transformations of existing urban-type settlements and
villages, new cities were formed (Moskovsky, Golitsino, Kubinka, etc.).
On July 1, 2012, a significant part of the territory of the Moscow
Region, including three cities (Troitsk, Moskovsky and Shcherbinka) was
transferred to Moscow; as a result of this transfer, the territory of
the Moscow region decreased by 144 thousand hectares, and the population
- by 230 thousand people.
The Moscow Region is located in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation, in the central part of the East European (Russian) Plain, in the basin of the Volga, Oka, Klyazma, and Moscow rivers. The region stretches from north to south for 310 km, from west to east - for 340 km.
The relief of the Moscow region is mostly flat; the western part is
occupied by hilly uplands (heights over 160 m), the eastern part by vast
lowlands.
From the southwest to the northeast, the region crosses
the boundary of the Moscow glaciation; to the north of it,
glacial-erosion forms with moraine ridges are common, and to the south,
only erosional landforms. The process of modern relief formation in our
time is associated with erosion, while other exogenous processes (karst,
landslide, eolian) are of secondary importance.
Almost the entire
west and north of the Moscow region is occupied by the moraine Moscow
Upland with well-defined river valleys, which has the highest average
height (about 300 m, in the Dmitrov region) within the Klin-Dmitrov
ridge, and the highest point (310 m) near the village of Shapkino,
Mozhaisk district. The northern slope of the Moscow Upland is steeper
than the southern one. Within the upland, there are frequent lakes of
glacial origin (Nerskoe, Krugloye, Dolgoe). To the north of the named
upland there is a flat and heavily waterlogged alluvial-outland Upper
Volga lowland, the height of which is no more than 150 m; includes the
Shoshinsky and Dubninskaya lowlands (heights less than 120 m).
In
the south of the region, the hilly moraine-erosion Moskvoretsko-Okskaya
plain extends, which has the highest height (255 m) in Moscow in the
Yasenevo district near the Tyoply Stan metro station, with clearly
defined (especially in the southern part) river valleys and flat
interfluves; within its limits there are karst landforms. The latter are
especially common in the Serpukhov region. In the extreme south of the
region, beyond the Oka, there are rather high (more than 200 m, maximum
height 238 m) northern spurs of the Central Russian Upland with numerous
ravines and gullies. These are the Zaokskoye erosional plateau and the
Zaosetrinskaya erosional plain.
Almost the entire eastern half of
the Moscow region (from the conditional line
Shchelkovo-Chernogolovka-Kirzhach in the north to the Oka in the south)
is occupied by the vast Meshcherskaya lowland, which is significantly
swampy in its eastern part; its highest hill (on the ancient moraine
hill in the Yegorievsk region) has a height of 214 m above sea level;
heights of 120-150 m prevail; river valleys are weakly expressed. Almost
all the large lakes of the Meshchera Lowland (Chernoe, Svyatoe, and
others) are of glacial origin. Here is the lowest natural height in the
region - the water level of the Oka - about 97 meters.
The territory occupied by the Moscow Region is located in the central
part of the East European Platform; the latter, like all platforms,
consists of a crystalline basement, which does not come to the surface
within the Moscow region, and a sedimentary cover. The crystalline
basement contains granites and gneisses of the Archean and Proterozoic
age, and the sedimentary cover contains deposits of the Paleozoic,
Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The foundation forms a large depression -
the Moscow syneclise - and lies in its axial zone at 2-3 thousand
meters. - to the east of Sergiev Posad (in the north-east of the
region).
Within the Moscow region, deposits of the Tertiary
period are almost absent, deposits of the Carboniferous and Jurassic
periods are much more widespread. Deposits of the Carboniferous period
in the Moscow region are represented by dolomites, limestones and marls.
Quaternary deposits are also widespread in the Moscow region; their
thickness decreases from northwest to southeast. The periods between
glaciations correspond to the Likhvin, Odintsovo, Mikulin and
Mologo-Sheksna interglacials. Glaciers left behind moraine loams with
pebbles and boulders of various rocks (granites, gneisses, quartzites;
dolomites, limestones, sandstones); especially noticeable traces on the
territory of the region were left by the Dnieper glaciation (the
thickness of the moraine reaches 15 m).
The Moscow region is not
rich in minerals.
Sands found in deposits of various periods
(mainly Quaternary and Cretaceous) are of high quality and are widely
used in construction; quartz sands are used in the glass industry; they
have been mined since the end of the 17th century in the Lyubertsy
region; part of the deposits is currently mothballed for environmental
reasons, only two glass sand deposits are being developed - Eganovskoye
and Lyuberetskoye, with total reserves (in category A + B + C1) of 40.3
million tons.
Numerous within the Moscow region and clay
deposits. Refractory clays are developed at the Timokhovskoye,
Prizavodskoye deposits in the Noginskoye and Vlasovo-Gubinsky deposits
in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky district; the total reserves of raw materials in
these deposits are estimated at 11 thousand tons.
In the Moscow
region there are also deposits of limestone (the most famous is
Myachkovskoye, where mining is currently stopped), phosphorites
(Egorievskoye and Severskoye deposits, both of which are not developed),
peat (mainly within the Meshcherskaya lowland, the largest of the active
deposits is Ryazanovskoye "and" Radovitsky moss "), sand and gravel
mixtures and building sands (mainly in the north and west of the
region), cement carbonate and clay rocks, carbonate rocks for
construction, natural facing stones (Korobcheevskoye deposit),
metallurgical dolomites, tripoli, brown coal, sapropel. There are also
numerous mineral springs, especially ferruginous ones (near Zvenigorod,
Serpukhov, Klin); most of the sources are located in the west of the
region.
In the south of the region, near the village of Mirny
(Serpukhov), there is a monument of geology Serpukhov tier.
The climate of the Moscow region is temperate continental (according
to Alisov), temperate continental humid with warm summers, Dfb
(according to Köppen), seasonality is clearly expressed; summers are
warm, winters are moderately cold. In the eastern and southeastern
regions, the continentality of the climate is higher, which is
expressed, in particular, in lower temperatures in winter and higher
temperatures in summer. So, the village of Cherusti in the extreme east
of the region is unofficially considered the “pole of cold” near Moscow,
the average January temperature there is −13 ° C. The lowest temperature
in the history of meteorological observations was recorded in
Naro-Fominsk: -54°C, and the highest temperature +39.7°C was recorded in
the summer of 2010 in Kolomna.
The period with an average daily
temperature below 0°C lasts 120-135 days, starting in mid-November and
ending in mid-late March. The average annual temperature in the region
ranges from 3.5 to 5.8°C. The coldest month is January (average
temperature in the west of the region is −9°C, in the east −12°C). With
the arrival of arctic air comes severe frosts (below -25°C) that last up
to 30 days during the winter (but usually frost periods are much
shorter); in some years, frosts reached -45°C (the lowest absolute
minimum temperature was recorded in Naro-Fominsk -54°C). In winter
(especially in December and February), thaws are frequent due to
Atlantic and (rarely) Mediterranean cyclones; they are usually
short-lived, their average duration is 4 days, the total number from
November to March is up to 50. In the summer, arctic air intrusions
contribute to the establishment of clear, cloudless, usually warm
weather. In cases of a long delay of the anticyclone, a strong heating
of the surface and an increase in air temperature occur, which is the
cause of severe drought, the occurrence of forest and peat fires (as,
for example, in 2010). In summer, penetration of tropical air masses
from the south is also not uncommon. In general, the nature of summer
can change significantly from year to year: with increased cyclonic
activity, summer is cool and humid, with stable anticyclones (both of
arctic and tropical origin) - dry and hot.
Snow cover usually
appears in November (although there were years when it appeared at the
end of September and in December), disappears in mid-April (sometimes
earlier, at the end of March), and lasts 135-153 days. Permanent snow
cover is usually established at the end of November; snow cover height -
25-50 cm; the highest snow depth is in the east of the region, in the
area of Orekhov-Zuev and Shatura, the lowest is in the west (near
Volokolamsk) and in the south (south of the Oka). Soils freeze to a
depth of up to 75 cm, occasionally up to 150 cm.
The warmest
month is July (average temperature +18°C in the northwest and +20°C in
the southeast). The average annual precipitation is 500-700 mm, the
north-western regions are the most humid, the south-eastern regions are
the least humid. In each of the summer months, an average of 75 mm of
precipitation falls, however, once every 25-30 years, severe droughts
occur in the Moscow Region, when precipitation can practically not fall
in summer. Precipitation in all seasons of the year is mainly associated
with cyclones that form over the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the
Arctic, or - due to the interaction of moist air masses coming from the
west and continental air - directly over the Russian Plain. In summer,
in addition to cyclonic precipitation, convective precipitation can also
occur. The growing season lasts 125-140 days.
There are about 2 thousand rivers in the Moscow region, of which over
300 have a length of more than 10 km. All rivers of the Moscow region
belong to the Volga basin (the Volga itself flows through the territory
of the region in a small area, along which the border with the Tver
region passes). The slopes of the riverbeds of the Moscow region are low
(a few centimeters per kilometer of length), the valleys are often wide,
with asymmetric banks (as a rule, the right bank is steep, while the
left one is flat, terraced). The rivers are fed mainly by snow, with the
largest runoff in spring. In summer and especially in winter low water,
the rivers almost completely switch to underground feeding.
All
rivers have a calm flow, well-developed valleys, floodplains; the flood
occurs in April-May (33-60 days). In summer, the water level in the
rivers of the Moscow region is low and rises in summer and autumn only
in cases of prolonged rains. The rivers of the region are covered with
ice from late November to mid-April (103-144 days). Of the rivers, only
the Volga, Oka and Moscow are navigable.
The northern part of the
region, including the entire Upper Volga lowland, is irrigated by the
tributaries of the Volga (Shosha, Lama, Dubnaya, Sestroy, Yakhroma),
while the southern part is irrigated by the tributaries of the Oka
(Lopasnya, Nara, Protva, etc.), which is the largest river of the Moscow
region after the Volga. The tributaries of the Moskva River, which flows
within the Moscow Region for most of its length, also belong to the Oka
basin. The eastern and northeastern regions of the region, including a
significant part of the Meshchera, are irrigated by tributaries of the
Klyazma, which is one of the main tributaries of the Oka and originates
within the Moscow region.
The northern part of the Moscow Region
is crossed by the Moscow Canal, which passes through the Ikshinskoye,
Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye and Pestovskoe reservoirs. The Ozerninskoye,
Mozhayskoye, Istrinskoye and Ruzskoye reservoirs are also formed in the
Moskva River basin, providing Moscow and the Moscow Region with drinking
water. There are over 1 thousand ponds on the territory of the region.
There are many lakes in the Moscow region (more than 2000), almost
all of them are shallow (5-10 m), many are of glacial origin (mainly
near the border of the Moscow glaciation, where the hilly-morainic
relief has been preserved). The largest are Svyatoe (12.6 km²) and
Dubovoe (Klepikovskoe), both in the Shatursky district. The deepest are
Beloe (Deaf) (34 meters), located in the Shatursky district, and Deep
(32 meters) in the Ruzsky district. Swamps are not uncommon on the
territory of the region, especially within the Meshcherskaya and Upper
Volga lowlands.
The population of the region, according to Rosstat, is 8,594,454
people. (2023). Population density - 193.88 people / km2 (2023).
In the Moscow region, there is a steady increase in the population (for
example, from 2002 to 2019, the increase was 14.8%). Mortality in the
Moscow region exceeds the birth rate, but in the 2010s, the natural
population decline decreased (from -8.5 ‰ in 2005 to -0.4 ‰ in 2018).
Population growth in the region is mainly due to an increase in the
number of urban residents - this trend has been observed since the
1970s. The overall growth of the population is provided by external
migrations. Of the total number of arrivals in the Moscow region in
2006-2010, about 22% were foreign citizens, and the number of employed
foreign citizens in the region's economy is growing: in 2010, the number
of foreign workers was 230.7 thousand people. - 1.6 times more than in
2005. A feature of the Moscow region is a significant amount of pendulum
migrations of labor. A significant part of the economically active
population of the Moscow region finds a job in Moscow. Odintsovo (316.6
thousand people), Ramensky (256.3 thousand people), Sergiev Posadsky
(225.3 thousand people) and Balashikhinsky (225.3) were leaders in
absolute population numbers in 2010 areas.
The average population
density - 193.88 people / km² (2023) - is the highest among Russian
regions (excluding Moscow and St. Petersburg), due to the high
proportion of the urban population - 77.99% (2022) 80.1%. The highest
density occurs in the districts closest to Moscow (Lyubertsy,
Balashikhinsky, Krasnogorsk, etc.) and urban districts (Khimki,
Dolgoprudny, Reutov, etc.), the lowest - in the outlying districts -
Lotoshinsky, Shakhovsky, Mozhaysky, where in 2010 it was about 20
people/km²; the eastern part of the Meshchera lowland is also sparsely
populated (less than 20 people/km2).
The proportion of women in
the population is 53.8% (2017); at the same time, in the age group from
0 to 24 years, the male population prevails over the female. In cities,
the predominance of the female population over the male population is
more pronounced (844 men per 1,000 women) than in rural areas (902 men
per 1,000 women). The average age of the population is 40.3 years (male
- 37.3; female - 42.9); thus, the population of the Moscow region is
slightly older than the Russian average (39 years). 25.1% of the
population is of working age (over 16).
By nationality, the
majority of the population (92.92%, 6202 thousand people) are Russians;
the second largest population is Ukrainians (119.4 thousand people), in
third place are Tatars (56.2 thousand people). The Moscow region is also
home to a large number of illegal labor migrants, mainly from
neighboring countries; in some cities, places of their compact residence
are formed, which contributes to increased interethnic tension. The
level of registered unemployment is traditionally low, in 2012 there
were 2.7% of the unemployed in the region. The subsistence minimum in
the fourth quarter of 2019 amounted to 12,272 rubles.
In the
Moscow region for 2019, there are 74 cities (excluding the cities of
Moscow with Zelenograd subordinate to it, Skhodnya, which became part of
Khimki in 2004, Troitsk, Shcherbinka and Moskovsky, which became part of
Moscow on July 1, 2012), 21 of them have a population over 100 thousand
people On the territory of the Moscow region, there are two types of
settlements that formally belong to urban-type settlements - summer
cottages and workers' settlements; the latter are more numerous, the
2010 population census in the region counted 60 workers' settlements
(four of which, being ZATOs, form urban districts; the remaining 56 form
urban settlements), and only 12 dacha settlements were counted (all of
them form urban settlements). A characteristic feature of settlement in
the Moscow region is seasonal suburbanization. The number of garden
settlements in the subject significantly exceeds the number of rural
settlements (in 2008, 10.6 thousand and 6.2 thousand units,
respectively).
The Moscow region is part of one of the largest
agglomerations of the world - Moscow (depending on the methods of
counting the population, it occupies 15-18th place). At present, the
Moscow agglomeration on a broad scale means not only Moscow with its
immediately adjacent settlements, but Moscow with two suburban belts and
the entire Moscow region (capital region) with a third zone. The
suburban zone of Moscow, the borders of which pass at a distance of
50-70 km from Moscow, according to the geographer V. G. Glushkova, is
the Moscow agglomeration proper (including Moscow).
The economy of the Moscow Region is the third among the subjects of
the Russian Federation in terms of GRP (2016). The volume of the gross
regional product of the region in 2017 amounted to 3.8 trillion rubles;
the most significant shares in the GRP structure are occupied by
wholesale and retail trade (25%), manufacturing industry (20.2%), real
estate transactions (11.9%), transport and communications (8.6%).
The labor force as of January 1, 2017 was 4.078 million people. The
registered unemployment rate in 2017 was 3.2%. The average monthly
nominal salary of employees of organizations in 2017 amounted to 46.9
thousand rubles, 7.3% of the population had incomes below the
subsistence level.
An important feature of the economic and
geographical position of the region is its proximity to Moscow: on the
one hand, the proximity of the capital contributes to the development of
industry and science in the region, makes the region a
migration-attractive region, on the other hand, Moscow "intercepts" the
labor resources of the region, taxes are paid to the Moscow budget a
significant part of the region's population working in Moscow. In 2010,
224.2 thousand enterprises and organizations were registered in the
subject; at the same time, the largest number (66.0 thousand) belonged
to the service sector, the number of enterprises in the manufacturing
industry (24.2 thousand) and construction (21.2 thousand) was also
significant. The turnover of enterprises and organizations in 2010
amounted to 4,589.3 billion rubles. (3rd place in Russia after Moscow
and the Tyumen region), while the largest turnover, again, was in the
service sector (2,428.9 billion rubles). 88.2% of enterprises in 2018
were privately owned.
The budget of the Moscow region for 2022 amounted to:
income - 759
billion rubles
expenses - 805 billion rubles
The budget
deficit is 5.7% of expenditures. The main income items are taxes on
corporate profits (38.7%) and on personal income (35.3%), as well as
excises (7.4%) and gratuitous receipts from the budgets of other
subjects of the Russian Federation (9%). The concentration of the tax
base for the subject is not typical (for example, the largest taxpayer -
SUE Mosoblgaz - annually transfers less than 1% of the region's own
income to the budget) Over 60% of the regional budget expenditures have
a social orientation (24% of expenditures are allocated to education,
politics, 14% for healthcare). Large items of expenditure are also
national issues (15%), the national economy (14%, including 9% - road
infrastructure), housing and communal services (4%) The public debt of
the Moscow Region as of January 1, 2019 amounted to 128 billion rubles.
A significant impact on the economy of the Moscow Region and, in
particular, on the size of its budget was provided by the transfer from
July 1, 2012 of a part of the territory of the Moscow Region to Moscow;
Thus, according to the former governor of the Moscow region, Sergei
Shoigu, due to the expansion of Moscow, the Moscow region may annually
lose 35 billion rubles in taxes.
In terms of industrial production, the Moscow Region occupies the
second place among the regions of Russia (after Moscow), dozens of
enterprises of all-Russian significance operate in the region. The cost
of industrial production in 2018 amounted to 2995.4 billion rubles;
86.8% accounted for manufacturing industries. The industry of the region
uses mainly imported raw materials; it is based on a powerful scientific
and technical base and highly qualified labor resources; closely
connected with the industry of Moscow. The geography of the location of
the industry of the Moscow region is connected with the radial-ring
system of transport routes: industrial cities are "strung" on the radii
of railways diverging from Moscow; the rings are formed by cities
located at approximately the same distance from Moscow. The first ring
is formed by satellite cities of Moscow (Mytishchi, Lyubertsy,
Balashikha, etc.), among the cities of the second ring of the city,
located at a distance of more than 50 kilometers from the Moscow Ring
Road (Klin, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Kashira, etc.). Another feature of the
location of the region's industry is its highest concentration in the
direction northeast of Moscow (the conditional boundaries of this sector
can be considered the Dmitrovskoe highway and the M5 Ural highway). In
the east of the region, light industry enterprises, machine-building
plants, enterprises of the defense complex were historically located;
many of these businesses went out of business in the 1990s. In the
course of a new wave of industrialization that began in the 2000s,
enterprises were created mainly aimed at satisfying consumer demand
(food industry, furniture and building materials production); often
these productions were created with the participation of foreign
investors.
Among the municipalities of the Moscow region, the
leaders in terms of the volume of shipped products are the Stupinsky,
Mytishchi, Ramensky, Shchelkovsky, Ruzsky and Chekhov districts. The
leading industries in 2018 are the food industry (24.6% of production),
mechanical engineering (22.3%), the chemical industry (18.3%),
metallurgy (14.7%), publishing and printing (10, 5 %). Volokolamsky
district stands out in terms of industrial production growth rates (185%
in 2011).
Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developed
in the Moscow region. Equipment for thermal and nuclear power
(ZiO-Podolsk), nuclear fuel (Elektrostal - TVEL) is produced; space and
rocket technology (Korolev - RSC Energia, Khimki - NPO Lavochkin, Reutov
- NPO Mashinostroeniya, Dzerzhinsky - MKB Gorizont, etc.); main diesel
locomotives (Kolomensky Zavod), metro cars (Mytishchi - Metrovagonmash),
electric trains (Demikhovskiy Machine-Building Plant); cars (SeAZ),
buses (Likino-Dulyovo - Likinsky Bus Plant, Golitsyno and Yakhroma);
agricultural machines, excavators and cranes (Lyubertsy, Dmitrov,
Balashikha); high-quality steels (Electrostal); equipment for light
industry (the main centers are Kolomna, Klimovsk, Podolsk); cables
(Podolsk); optical devices (Krasnogorsk plant named after S. A. Zverev,
Lytkarinsky plant of optical glass).
On the territory of the
region, there is a special concentration of enterprises of the defense
complex (the Russian Center for the Demonstration of Weapons, Military
Equipment and Technologies in Krasnoarmeysk, the MiG Corporation
Aircraft Manufacturing in Lukhovitsy, Kamov OJSC, Zvezda Research and
Production Enterprise, the State Research Institute of Aviation Systems,
Fazotron-NIIR and a lot others).
One of the leading branches of
specialization of the Moscow region is construction. In terms of housing
commissioning in recent years, the Moscow Region has significantly
exceeded the average Russian level. As a result, the industry of
building materials is developed. There are cement production facilities
in Voskresensk and Kolomna (Shchurovsky Cement Plant), a dry mortar
plant in Krasnogorsk, and many ceramic production facilities. The
woodworking industry is developed (in Bronnitsy, Shatura, etc.). A plant
for the production of innovative cellulose insulation ecowool
(Promekovata) operates in Mytishchi. The Moscow region has one of the
highest volumes of production of bricks, as well as prefabricated
concrete structures and parts.
The chemical industry operates
mainly on imported raw materials. Acids are produced (Schelkovo),
mineral fertilizers (Voskresensk - production associations "Phosphates"
and "Minudobreniya"), synthetic fiber (Serpukhov and Klin), plastic
products (Orekhovo-Zuevo), varnishes and paints (Sergiev Posad,
Odintsovo), pharmaceutical products (Old Kupavna), etc.
In many
cities there are food industry enterprises. The region occupies one of
the leading (in 2010 - 2nd) places in Russia in the production of meat
and offal of food slaughter animals, as well as poultry meat. In terms
of vodka production, the Moscow Region is a leader among the constituent
entities of the Russian Federation (in terms of the production of
alcoholic beverages with an alcohol content of up to 25%, the region
occupies a more modest 12th place). An important place in the structure
of the food industry of the region also belongs to the production of
whole-milk products (in 2010, the volume of production of whole-milk
products was the third in Russia after Moscow and the Krasnodar
Territory).
Previously, the leading industry was light industry
(it accounted for over 35% of the gross industrial production of the
region), which began to develop in the vicinity of Moscow already in the
18th century. Thus, light industry is the oldest industrial sector in
the region. Cotton (in the cities of Yegorievsk, Noginsk,
Orekhovo-Zuyevo) and woolen (in the cities of Pavlovsky Posad, Pushkino)
production have been preserved. Knitwear is also produced (in
Ivanteevka, Dmitrov). In 2010, the region ranked only 11th in Russia in
the production of fabrics (while in the production of footwear - 2nd).
About half of Russian science cities are concentrated on the
territory of the region, where research, development and experimental
developments are carried out (Dubna, Zhukovsky, Korolev, Protvino,
Pushchino and others). Investment projects in the field of
nanotechnologies are being implemented in Dubna, Krasnoznamensk,
Khotkovo; in the city of Fryazino, a research and production cluster
"Photonics" is being formed, the total volume of investments in the
creation of which is estimated at $150 million.
Artistic crafts
are developed (Gzhel ceramics, Zhostovo trays, Fedoskino lacquer
miniature, toy craft). There are faience and porcelain factories in
Likino-Dulyovo (Dulyovo Porcelain Factory) and Verbilki ("Verbilok
Porcelain").
The Moscow Energy System is part of the United Energy System of the
Center and serves consumers in Moscow and the Moscow Region. The key
features of the Moscow energy system are a strict environmental policy,
a high concentration of generating capacities in a small area, and the
predominance of thermal power plants in the structure of generating
capacities (over 80%). The total installed capacity of the region's
power plants in 2010 was 8.2 MW. Electricity is generated by:
Shaturskaya GRES (1500 MW), Dzerzhinskaya CHPP No. 22 (1300 MW), CHPP-27
(1060 MW), peak Zagorskaya PSP (1200 MW) and Elektrogorskaya GRES (623
MW), Kashirskaya GRES (410 MW), and also several smaller power plants.
The main energy project in the region is the construction of the Zagorsk
PSP-2 with a capacity of 840 MW. Despite the high absolute indicators of
electricity production, the region is an importer of electricity: in
2010, production amounted to 30.1 billion kWh, consumption significantly
exceeded it (45.4 billion kWh); in the structure of consumption, the
main consumers are manufacturing industries and the population.
The gas distribution system of the Moscow Region is operated by State
Unitary Enterprise MO "Mosoblgaz"; the same enterprise supplies natural
gas to the population; gas pipelines are operated by OOO Gazprom
transgaz Moscow. Gazprom Mezhregiongaz Moscow is the main supplier of
natural gas, independent suppliers account for no more than 15% of
supplies. In 2006-2010, the consumption of natural gas in the Moscow
Region amounted to more than 108 billion m3, the overall level of
gasification of the region in 2010 exceeded 90%.
The Moscow
region has one of the most developed oil product supply systems in
Russia; annually 2.5-3 million tons of motor gasoline and about 1.5
million tons of diesel fuel are imported into the region, the region's
airports are the country's largest consumers of aviation kerosene. Oil
products are transported and sold in the region by OAO
Mostransnefteprodukt, which serves the ring oil product pipeline, which
redistributes the flows of fuel coming from the Moscow, Ryazan and
Nizhny Novgorod refineries. In 2010, there were 1.3 thousand commercial
filling stations and complexes operating in the region; almost all major
Russian oil companies (Rosneft, Tatneft, Gazprom Neft, TNK-BP, Lukoil)
are engaged in the sale of petroleum products in the Moscow Region.
Trade is well developed in the Moscow region. During the 2000s, there
was a process of active deployment of land-intensive forms of large
trading business in the territories of the Moscow Region adjacent to the
Moscow Ring Road; a number of large (with an area of up to 50 thousand
m2) shopping centers of the IKEA, Metro AG, Auchan, etc. chains were
built. Chain trade is developed - in most regional centers there are
stores of large chains Pyaterochka, Magnit, etc. Offices of numerous
companies, providing a variety of services targeted at the population of
Moscow and the region, located in the nearest districts in Moscow; There
are many warehouse and logistics centers in the region.
The
region is well provided with banking services. In 2011, there were 11
credit institutions and 83 branches in the subject. The total amount of
deposits of individuals and legal entities (443.8 billion rubles in
2011) is the third largest in Russia (after Moscow and St. Petersburg).
The average deposit in ruble accounts with the Savings Bank of the
Russian Federation in 2011 amounted to 19.3 thousand rubles. (3rd place
in the Russian Federation).
The region also has a developed
tourism industry; in 2013, over 180 hotels and more than 800 travel
agencies operated on the territory of the subject, the number of
tourists visiting the region in 2019 reached 15 million (of which 2
million were foreign). The resort and recreation complex of the Moscow
Region includes over 1,700 recreation facilities (sanatoriums, rest
houses, boarding houses, children's health camps, etc.). In the vicinity
of Yakhroma, on the slopes of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, there are
ski resorts (Volen, Yakhroma, Sorochany); There are more than 10 ski
resorts in the region. There are a number of sports and entertainment
parks in the Moscow Region (Drakino in the Serpukhov District, Ognikovo
in the Istrinsky District, etc.). Since the 2000s, the construction of
such modern recreation complexes as country hotels specializing in SPA
services and country hotels has begun. One of the largest projects in
the field of tourism is the construction of the Rossiya theme park in
the Domodedovo urban district. The most important problem of the tourism
sector in the Moscow region is the insufficient development of tourism
infrastructure - in particular, the insufficient number of food
facilities, good access roads to sights, the low use of the historical
and cultural potential of the historical cities of the Moscow region for
tourism purposes.
The main part of the region is covered by the transmitters of the
Ostankino tower. In addition, there are several large radio centers:
Balashikhinsky, Taldomsky, Shatursky, Zaraisky, Volokolamsky,
Elektrostalsky, Shchelkovsky and Lesnoy, broadcasting their own sets of
radio and TV channels. In addition to the central channels, the 360° and
Radio-1 TV channels are distributed in the region. The largest regional
TV channel is 360° (Moscow Region). Local radio and television channels
(Dubna, Evening Dmitrov, Kolomenskoye TV and others) broadcast in
limited coverage. The largest fixed-line operator is Rostelecom, and
there are also numerous broadband access operators. The region is fully
covered by mobile communications, more than two hundred commercial
telecom operators operate in the subject.
Over 50 news agencies
operate in the region, and local municipal, public and advertising
newspapers are printed in almost every regional center (in 2018, 146
newspapers and magazines were published). Delivery of periodicals and
correspondence is carried out with the help of post offices of the
region - 21 post offices and 1.1 thousand post offices (provision of the
population with post offices - 1.7 per 10,000 inhabitants). The first
automated sorting postal center in Russia was opened in the Moscow
region, located in the village of Lvovsky, the former Podolsky district,
and with a capacity of up to 3 million mail items per day.
Department of Housing and Utilities
In terms of housing stock, the
region ranks second among the constituent entities of Russia after
Moscow; in 2010, the total residential area was 144.6 million m². The
dynamics of the housing stock is presented in the table below; The
growth of the housing stock since 1995 has more than doubled due to the
high rates of housing construction in the Moscow Region in recent years.
At the end of 2010, there were 28.8 m² of residential premises per
inhabitant, which is higher than the national average (22.6 m²). The
volume of communal services provided per capita in the Moscow region is
12.3 thousand rubles. in 2011 - the highest in the Central Federal
District and one of the highest in Russia (in 2011 - 8th place).
Improvement indicators of the housing stock in the Moscow Region are
also high: in 2010, 81.6% of residential premises were provided with
running water, 86.2% with heating, and 73.9% with hot water. 69.3% of
residential premises are supplied with gas. As of the end of 2010,
residential premises were managed by 414 private and 162 municipal
organizations, homeowners associations were established in 5% of
apartment buildings. The main problems of the housing and communal
complex of the region are the severe deterioration of the communal
infrastructure (55% in 2010; in some cities and districts up to 80%),
the dilapidated state of heat and water supply networks, and a high
proportion of unprofitable housing and communal services enterprises.
Construction
The Moscow region has one of the most powerful
construction complexes in the country - 12-14% of the total volume of
housing being built in Russia is commissioned in the subject. There are
about 8.6 thousand organizations in the construction complex of the
region, which employ 700 thousand people.
The building complex is
based on the building materials industry, represented by more than a
thousand enterprises and the largest in the Russian Federation in terms
of output. The provision of housing for the population in 2011 (28.2 m²
per inhabitant) in 2010 was higher than the national average (22.8 m²
per inhabitant). Housing being commissioned is mainly high-rise,
represented by complex development of cities and districts of the
region. The financial and economic crisis, which began in 2008, had a
negative impact on the state of the construction complex of the region,
as a result of which the volume of housing commissioned and the volume
of mortgage lending decreased. The problem of frozen housing
construction is acute; in 2012, in the Moscow region, there were over a
hundred objects of frozen or discontinued construction, and a number of
objects had problems connecting to utilities.
Agriculture
On
the territory of the Moscow region, agriculture is carried out,
represented by both crop production and animal husbandry. About 40% of
the territory of the Moscow region is used in agriculture; the northern,
eastern and western outlying areas are the least developed by
agriculture. Most agricultural enterprises are located in areas within a
radius of 30-100 km from Moscow. In the southern part of the region,
especially south of the Oka, more than 50% of the land is used in
agriculture. Agriculture has a predominantly suburban specialization
(production of vegetables and table greens in closed ground, milk,
chicken eggs, broiler meat). Among the leading agricultural enterprises
of the region are agricultural holdings (Russian Milk, Dmitrovsky
Vegetables, Noginsky Agro-Complex, Dashkovka and others), poultry farms
(Petelinskaya, Egoryevskaya, Noginskaya, Zagorskaya and others).
Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry prevails over crop production;
Dairy and meat cattle breeding, poultry farming and pig breeding are
developed. Production of poultry meat and eggs is profitable, milk is
unprofitable. In 2020, the gross milk production in farms of all
categories of the Moscow region amounted to 710 thousand tons.
Fish farming
Fish farming is widespread in the reservoirs of the
region, the largest farms are located in the Yegoryevsky district on
Tsninskiye ponds, on the Biserovsky ponds in the Noginsk district,
Narskiye ponds in Odintsovsky, and in the Dmitrovsky district in the
village of Rybnoye there is a fishery institute breeding both fish and
live eggs and larvae.
Crop production
Plant growing is typical
mainly for the southern part of the region.
62% of the area is
occupied by fodder crops, 24% by cereals, 9% by potatoes, 6% by
industrial crops. Large areas (mainly in the south and south-east of the
region) are allocated for grain crops: wheat, barley, oats, rye. Potato
growing plays a significant role in the crop production of the region.
Greenhouse vegetable growing is widespread. Flowers, mushrooms
(champignons, etc.) are also grown.
In 2022, a record 680
thousand tons of grains and legumes were harvested (in 2021 - 469
thousand tons), the harvest of oilseeds set a record of 84 thousand tons
(in 2021 - 64 thousand tons). In terms of open ground vegetables (336
thousand tons) and potatoes (400 thousand tons), the Moscow region took
2nd place in the Central Federal District. In 2022, 44 thousand hectares
of unused agricultural land are put into circulation.
The crisis
of the 1990s dealt a painful blow to agriculture, from which the region
still cannot get out. Many lands previously occupied by crops and
pastures are now out of circulation. The area under crops decreased from
1224 thousand hectares in 1990 to 579 thousand hectares in 2018